FINAL REVIEW 2014CHAPTER 2: LISTENINGKey Terms:- Transactional communication: the process of constructing “shared messages or understandings between two or more individuals.” o Encode: take your ideas and put them in a form to be sent through a channel (the speech) o Decode: listeners interpret your message o Noise: disrupts communication process Unit Concepts:- Be able to define and discuss the different types of listeningo Empathic: listening to show your support and understanding for the feelings of another person o Informational: hope to learn or expand your knowledge of a particularsubjecto Critical: aim to analyze and evaluate a speaker’s message - Be able to define and discuss the barriers to listeningo passivity syndrome: primary responsibility for good listening rest with the speaker o automatic rejection: listening is more difficult when a speaker challenges our existing beliefs or values o short attention span: how long you can listen to a person speak without fidgeting or mind wandering o stereotyping: we observe a few members of a particular category and draw conclusions about all others belonging to the same group o distractions: self-induced distractions, speaker presented distractions,visual distractionsCHAPTER 14: PERSUASIVE SPEAKINGKey Terms:- Public controversy: Controversies that affect the whole community or nation and that we debate and decide in our role as a citizen in a democracy- Deliberating in good faith: debating and discussing controversial issues in a spirit of mutual respect, with a commitment to telling the truth- Burden of proof: your responsibility to meet a certain standard of proof in a particular context - Affective language: strong language that plays on emotions or feelings Unit Concepts:- Be able to define and discusso Questions of fact: typically involve issues of existence, scope, or causalityo Questions of value: focusses on what we consider good or bad, right orwrong, just or unjust, and moral or immoral  Evaluation of specific facts, ideals, or actionso Questions of policy: has to do with actions in future: there is something wrong in our world, and we need to correct it  What are we going to do in the future? What solutions are practical and realistic?  Is one solution more efficient than the other?- Be able to define and discuss the qualities that contribute to positive ethos:o Trustworthiness: We are more likely to listen to and act on the advice of people who we think are honest and concerned about our best interests. o Competence: Listeners tend to be persuaded more easily by speakers they view as intelligent, well informed, or personally competent. o Open-mindedness: Audiences value speakers who seem willing to enter into a dialogue, consider various points of view, and search for common ground. o Dynamism: Audiences look positively on speakers who are energetic and enthusiastic.- How do language and emotional appeal contribute to persuasion?o Advertisers know that successful marketing often depends on an audience’s emotional reactions. Thus, they persuade us by associating their products with personal success, physical or economical security, or love and “family values.” CHAPTER 15: ARGUING PERSUASIVELYKey Terms:- Demagoguery: is an appeal to people that plays on their emotions and prejudices rather than on their rational side- Claims: debatable assertions put forward by a speaker - Qualifiers: words that indicate our level of confidence in our claims (possibly,probably, beyond any doubt) - Reservations: exceptions to our claim, conditions in which we no longer hold our claim - Evidence: Proof: statistics, specific examples, testimony by experts - Warrants: general assumptions, principles, or rules that connect our evidence to our claims Unit Concepts:- Know the different between inductive and deductive reasoningo Inductive: reasoning from a set of specific examples or a series of observations to a general conclusion o Deductive: the process of drawing conclusions about specific cases based on inferences from a generally accepted premise or principle - Be able to define and discuss the four main categories of fallacies:o Relevance: talking about matters that are not relevant to the issues at hand o faulty reasoning: errors in analogical or causal arguments (“arguing incircles”) o inadequate evidence: when a speaker doesn’t have sufficient evidenceto support their claim o personal attack: shift in attention from the real issues and substitute with name-calling or character assassination for engagement of other people’s arguments - Be able to define fallacies and identify them in contexto Fallacies of Relevance: Occur when the speaker attempts talks about matters that aren’t relevant to the main issue o Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning: Errors in analogical or causal arguments, often involving circular arguments or creating false choices o Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence: Occur when a speaker doesn’t not have enough evidence o Fallacies of Personal AttackCHAPTER 16: SPEAKING ON SPECIAL OCCASIONSKey Terms:- Epideictic: ceremonial speech Unit Concepts:- Know the functions of ceremonial speakingo Remembering the past o Honoring Heroes o Celebrating shared beliefs and values o Inspiration and Encouragement - Be able to define and discuss the different forms of ceremonial speakingo speech of introduction Introduction to a well-known speaker, or celebrates achievements of a well-known speaker who has been invited tospeak at a special occasion o welcome/farewell address conventions, festivals, trade shows, large public gatherings o presentation/acceptance speeches brief remarks with presenters announcing the winner of the award and the winning simply thanking the presenter and a few other people o commemoration/commencement addresses Commemoration: mark important date or event (birthdays, wedding anniversaries)  Commencement: celebrates one specific type of event (graduation) o tributes and eulogies tributes-living people, eulogies-dead people (mourning) o inaugural and keynote addresses Inaugural: speeches given upon assuming a new office or position  Keynote: featured speeches at meetings, conferences, formal gatherings o after-dinner speech Short entertaining or serious after a meal o sermons religious speeches CHAPTER 17: SPEAKING AND DELIBERATING IN GROUPSKey Terms:- Public deliberation: is the discussion and choice-making that is necessary before we