Intro to Media and Society Final Study Guide 59 B C Acta Diurna the first newspaper is published in Rome 8th Century China handwritten newssheets in Beijing Renaissance Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants Newspaper Industry Precursors to Newspapers Rise of Newspapers as Mass Medium Steam powered cylinder press Low cost of paper Rise of the common man Increased literacy rates Adversarial Press Yellow Journalism Penny Press Sold to masses for 1 cent Used hawkers to distribute Press with the power to argue with the government Criticism of British colonial policy taxation without representation a term used to refer to the newspaper products of the 1890s which were characterized by irresponsible unethical and sensational news gathering and exhibition Hawker newsboys yelling and selling papers on the corner Images across the front page Changing Nature of News Production in 21st Century Daily Newspapers while population grows daily circulation is down Three dailies with national circulation most owned by chains Weekly Newspapers Less affected by contemporary challenges faced by daily newspapers Topics geared toward specific audiences Alternative weekly paper written for a young urban audience focusing on political and cultural commentary Newspapers Response to Contemporary Challenges Print Improved layouts personality Special sections Food health outdoors localism Websites Interactive features Blogs Podcasts Hyper local Citizen Journalism C W Anderson talk on Philly Journalism Magazine Industry Era of Mass Circulation Magazines Confluence of factors circa 1830 Web based news sources like blogs Internet gives power to be a journalist to essentially anyone More education led to more literacy Steam powered press led to greater production distribution Postal changes magazines make deals with post office for cheaper shipping By 1850 there were around 4 000 5 000 titles Controlled circulation production is supported through advertising publisher decides Paid circulation production is supported through charging readers and advertising Dual Revenue Subscriptions Ads Advertisers in the Industrial Era sought to reach mass audiences and turned to Development of brands brands start to be created to form customer loyalty Magazines dual revenue stream income from subscriptions and advertisers Sources of Magazine Revenue who gets magazines Magazines and Advertising magazines for this Photojournalism Life and Look magazines both debuted in 1930s Renowned for artistic covers and use of images to tell news stories photojournalism What happened to these magazines Television came about Rise of Niche Magazines Five Types of Magazines Magazine content was geared toward specific audiences Business Trade focuses on topics related to a particular occupation profession or industry Aimed at people in different businesses Consumer Leisure reading magazines aimed at general public Literary Reviews Academic Journals small circulation periodicals about literature and related topics usually funded by scholarly associations universities or foundations small circulation periodicals that cover scholarly topics with articles typically edited and written by professors and or researchers Newsletters small circulation periodical typically 4 8 pages long that is composed and printed in a simple style Comics periodical that tells a story through pictures as well as words Media Kit Professional sources of information packaged for potential advertisers tells them who the audience is Magazine Industry Responses in Digital Age 1 Responding The Uniqueness of Print History Portability Sensory Experience Fragrances Cosmetic samples Pop ups 3D advertisements 2 Responding Moving Across Platforms matters From magazine to maga brand Advertisers Influence on Content influence becomes larger Sound Recording Industry Music Before the Sound Recording Industry Platform Agnostic the idea that regardless of a platform medium it s the content that creating products so that the magazine name becomes a brand Even if the print magazine itself ends Example Seventeen Magazine coming out with prom line As competition for advertisers increases the possibility of direct and routine advertiser Instruments Player pianos play themselves Minstrel Shows 1840s to 1910 performance displaying playing sheet music Consists of actors and music Vaudeville Shows late 1800s to 1920 performance displaying playing sheet Variety shows Consisting of dancing singing animals Song Pluggers performers might play your song hopefully resulting in sales of your Decline in sheet music no need to buy sheet music and play it when you can listen to sheet music Advent of the Record Player professionals Songs were more complicated Songs were shorter due to limited room on discs Early Relationship Between Recording Radio Industries Initial tension between industries because radio was live and free Sound recording was a forum for controversial music avoided by radio Jazz blues After the depression singing stars helped fuel record sales A R How Artists are Compensated Talent scouts screen new acts and determine whether to sign them Royalties share of money paid to songwriter out of the money that the production firm receives Artists usually get 10 15 of royalties from album Promotion in Recording Industry Radio Payola Music Videos Movie Promotions Public Appearances Commercials Concert Tours Specific Impact of iTunes on Recording Industry No longer have to buy album finally able to buy single songs Rise of portable music Downfall of physical record stores Exhibition Digital Downloads Record Stores Retailers WalMart Target etc Internet stores Amazon com Direct sales from artist website Record Labels Conglomerates Piracy Rise of independents but still four major recording companies or the distributors of choice because of their power that small distributors lack Piracy unauthorized duplication of copyrighted music Counterfeiting looks authentic looks like actual CD but is pirated and cheaper Bootlegging unauthorized recording of performances Peer to Peer friends share resources computers in order to share music with others Movie Industry Persistence of Vision sight Early Motion Picture Technologies Persistence of Vision The human eye continues to see and image after removed from Nickelodeons early movie theaters 5 cent silent films Silent movies had music and subtitles no sound from actual movie Projection and length films become mass medium First