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1Latino/asHistory to 1900Before Columbus• Indigenous peoples in the Americas 10,000 years or more• Years of historical change• Empires rise and fall, especially in the Andes in South America and in southern Mexico• [There are still 10 million + “Indios” in Central & South America, PLUS a huge number of mixed ancestry people who identify as Spanish or mixed rather than as Indio]1500-1800’s Colonial Era • European governments "claim" America and divide it among themselves.• Enslavement, pestilence and plagues, economic disruptions, warfare for the Americans.• South America: Spanish conquerors put a new layer on American [indio] populations. Plus intermarriage, concubinage & rape -> mixed populations• African slavery + some free Africans. African descent a major part of heritage in some areas, esp. along Atlantic & Caribbean shoresWorld MapSpanish & Portuguese ColoniesEuropean Claims in North America 17502New Spain• Spanish colony 1521-1821 (300 years)• Creation of “Mexicans”: mixed indigenous & Spanish ancestry, Spanish culture.• “Indios” resist, remain separate in some areas• Most of northern New Spain never heavily settled by Spanish, strong resistance from indigenous Americans• Mexican independence 1821, Mexican Republic 1824. Political turmoil.Map: Annexation of Northern MexicoTexas• 30,000 Anglo-Americans had moved into Texas, greatly outnumbering the Spanish-Mexicans; generally slaveholders• 1824 Mexican republic abolishes slavery• 1830 Mexico attempts to stop Anglo immigration, enforce laws against slavery• 1836 new Mexican constitution restricts “states rights” (over slavery, among others); Anglo-Texans backed by some Tejanos (Spanish-Texans) secede from Mexico and create Texas as an independent white state• 1845 fearing Texas expansion west, the US annexes Texas as a slave stateTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• 1848 US provokes a war with Mexico, easily wins• Cedes northern Mexico to the US• Guarantees to Mexican citizens living in the area:– US citizenship– Recognition of property titles from Spain/Mexico– Right to be Catholic– Right to speak SpanishAnnexed Mexicans• About 7% of Mexican Americans today are direct descendants of those covered by the treaty• Mixed experiences– Some Mexicans retained land & economic status, some intermarried with Anglos. – Many others defrauded of land, chased across the border by Anglo mobs. – For those who remained, no consistent protection of citizenship, language, property rights.California Gold Rush 1848• Anglo-American immigrants rapidly overwhelm Mexicans in northern California, drive them out• Fewer Anglos in desert southern California, Mexican landowners retain much of their land in large rancheros.• First entry of significant numbers of Chinese –initially into gold fields, then as laborers to support growing western economy [more later]3Spanish-American War 1898• Cubans fighting independence war against Spain• The battleship “Maine” blown up under mysterious circumstances in Havana harbor• US declares war, wins easily in 10 weeks (more US-ians die from malaria than warfare)• Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, Wake, become US possessions. • Cuba “permitted” to be independent under US oversight, 1901, still controlled by US after• Independence wars raging against Spain become wars against US, take time to subdue, especially in


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UW-Madison SOC 220 - Latinos

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