Test 2 Study Guide CHAPTER FIVE Object Recognition the processes whereby we match an incoming stimulus with stored representations for the purpose of identification Concepts a general notion or idea Levels of Categorization gradations of specificity that can be used in describing everyday categories Basic Level of Categorization bird the midpoint between the superordinate level animal and the subordinate level black capped chickadee Entry Point for Recognition the default level of categorization that we use in Bottom Up Processing employs the information in the stimulus itself data familiar objects to aid in its identification Top Down Processing relies on expectations knowledge and or surrounding context to supplement the data Viewpoint Invariant object recognition is based on structural information such as individual parts allowing for recognition to take place regardless of the object s viewpoint Semantic Priming for example seeing a flashlight primed identification of all flashlights whether the same object or a different example Mask a briefly presented visual pattern that serves to erase the just observed stimulus so that identification can t be based on a fleeting visual afterimage Parts Based Approaches propose that the incoming pattern of stimulation produced by the rabbit is parsed into its component parts we then compare this set of components to information in memory and recognize that this set of basic components in this particular combination equals a rabbit Basically we compare the features of the objected we ve just encoded to a description of the object s structure stored in memory which includes a list of the parts features of the object as well as the relationship among them An important feature of PB approaches is that the representation stored in memory is not visually or spatially analogous to the object being recognized Rather we compare the features of the incoming visual stimulus to an abstract description of those features in memory Image Based Approaches IB propose a more holistic process whereby we take the whole image of the rabbit in the orientation that we re viewing it and compare it to corresponding representations in memory until we find a match Objects are recognized holistically through a process of comparison with a stored analog When a match is found the object is recognized Feature Analysis is a label sometimes given to some parts based approaches because of the emphasis on features Viewpoint Independent identification of the object does not depend on the particular view that we have of the object identification depends only on the component features of the object itself Recognition By Components RBC recognition is a matter of separating analyzing and recombining the features of whatever we are looking at Geons basic 3D shapes Visual Primitives simple shapes that can combine to form most complex shapes Nonaccidental Features are those that are almost sure to be actual features of the stimulus rather than some accident of the perspective the observer has on the object Put simply we detect features of the stimulus and assume they don t vary with the particular viewpoint Simplicity we tend to parse objects in the simplest way possible The segmentation of objects as proposed by RBC Theory is guided by this basic assumption Viewpoint Dependent IB approaches are considered this because identification of an object depends critically on the particular perspective of the viewer To identify the object an image matching this particular view must be found or the incoming stimulus image must be manipulated in some way until a match is found Template Matching Theory ex recognizing simple line patterns it is our store of general knowledge including a set of templates copies of every pattern that we might encounter Multiple Views serve as the templates for later recognition The reason orientation tends not to affect our visual recognition under most circumstances is that everything we must recognize has received extensive exposure from different perspectives Physiological Templates what the monkeys seemed to have devoted to recognizing a specific object in a specific orientation Haptics information we receive through touch Exploratory Procedures EPs describes the precise motor patterns performed by the hands in the exploration and identification of an object Haptic Glance being able to identify each object in a matter of one or two seconds with virtually no wrong indications Olfactory Verbal Gap having a tough time describing and identifying smells Tip of the Tongue TOT State occurs when we are quite certain that we know a piece of information but feel blocked from retrieving it The type of information that is most likely to sit on the tip of your tongue refusing to come out turns out to be people s names The TOT state is a palpable feeling of knowing Even when blocked from retrieving the information we have a strong subjective feeling that we know it Prosopagnosia an inability to recognize familiar faces First Order Relational Information information about the parts of an object and how those parts relate to one another Second Order Relational Information involves comparing the first order analysis to facial features of a typical or average face Holistic Processing underscores the fact that faces are encoded as whole configurations like templates that are best processed holistically Special Mechanism View is the existence of dissociations taken as evidence that two different abilities are based on different processes found between object and face recognition Expertise View the superior knowledge and skill that develops after extensive practice in some domain and there s no doubt that all human beings except perhaps infants could be considered experts in the domain of face recognition Entry Point the recognition of faces differs from that of other objects because of the typical entry point required for recognition Face Recognition Unit FRU a stored representation of that face in memory If activated the person is recognized as familiar The FRU must activate the PIN Person Identity Node PIN stores biographical information about the person If activated this biographical information becomes available The PIN must activate the terminal node Terminal Node stores the name of the person Bruce and Young Model accounts for the findings that names are retrieved slower than other information about a person name retrieval is the last node activated in the system It