States of Consciousness 1 Identify relationship of molecules to brain circuits a Adenosine Released by astrocytes in response to glycogen metabolism when stored glucose is depleted increased neuronal activity leads to increased glucose utilization which in turn causes astrocytes to convert glycogen to glucose and to release aden i Acts on neurons in the VLPA to promote sleep initiation ii Infusion into the basal forebrain promotes drowsiness 1 Increase during wakefulness and decrease during sleep adenosine in basal forebrain may be important in regulating sleep onset b Acetylcholine i Large cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain act to activate the cerebral cortex large neurons with thick axons that use acetylcholine 1 Thermoreceptors in the basal forebrain inhibit cholinergic neurons why high temperature promotes drowsiness ii Cholinergic neurons in the peribrachial area of the pons control REM sleep onset project to the cubcoeruleus nucleus c Norepinephrine i Ascending system maintains vigilance 1 Neurons located in the locus coerulus inhibit the peribrachial area thereby inhibit the phenonema of REM decrease activity during SWS none during REM ii Descending system muscle inhibition 1 The subcoeruleus nucleus contains nor epinephrine neurons part of circuit that produces muscular paralysis by sending info to the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla which produces muscular paralysis a PA subcoeruleus magnocellular nucleus using GABA to inhibit muscle tone d Serotonin i 5HT neurons of the raphe nuclei become more active during cortial arousal and promote grooming behavior descending system 1 Firing of 5HT neurons decrease during SWS none during REM 2 Inhibit the peribrachial area thereby inhibit the phenonema of REM e Carbachol i Cholinergic agonist ii Stimulation of MPRF with this cholinergic agonist induces components of REM 2 Neural Systems and their function during SWS and REM a Peribrachial Area pons i NT utilized 5HT and NE ii Controls transition from SWS to REM iii Projects to the MPRF which induces all components of REM 1 Neurons in MPRF excite neurons in the basal forebrain and project back to PA MPRF induces all components of REM lesions of the MPRF abolish REM iv Acts as executive center for control of REM 1 Rapid eye movements PA superior colliculus tectum 2 PGO waves PA LGN occipital cortex 1 3 Muscle tone inhibition PA subcoerulus magnocellular nucleus b Magnocellular nucleus of the medulla i NT utilized GABA ii One of the two nuclei other is subcoerulues that produces muscular paralysis iii Receives projections from the subcoeruleus nucleus which receives projections from cholinergic neurons of the PA c Lateral geniculate nucleus i The circuit that produces PGO waves involves projections from the cholinergic neurons of the PA to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus d Optic tectum ii Projects to the occipital cortex Superior Colliculus i Rapid eye movements during REM are produced by a circuit that projects from the PA to the tectum e Dorsal raphe i NT utilized 5HT ii Neurons become active during cortical arousal firsing decreases during SWS and becomes virtually nil during REM f Subcoerules nuclei i NT utilized NE ii Send projections from the PA to the magnocellular nucleus of the medulla to inhibit muscle tone during REM sleep 3 Define normal phenomena of Slow Wave and REM sleep EEG muscle tone and cortical activation 4 Sleep Disorders a Sleep Apnea i Caused by i Uncontrollable sleep attacks ii Cataplexy iii Hyponogogic hallucinations iv Sleep paralysis c REM without atonia 5 Brain structures that regulate circadian rhythms b Narcolepsy a Suprachiasmatic nucleus b Intergeniculate leaflet c Pineal Gland 6 Neuroactive substance associated with the PER gene 7 Tuberomammilary region a Function b Neuroactive substance produced by neurons in this area 8 Ventrolateral preptic area a Neuroactive substance associated with 2