The limitations to studying operons or genes in isolation Regulon genes that can be controlled together but are not part of the same gene Controlled by the same regulatory protein Allows coordinated response to a signal Requires looking across the genome Transcription factors is a general term for regulatory proteins that influence transcription Transcription factors bind to specific regulatory genes of DNA Can increase transcription when bound to enhances and promoter proximal regions Can decrease transcription when bound to silencers Comparing genomes allow us to look at patterns of similarity and difference Patterns of similarity reveal evolutionary relationships and shared common ancestry Sequencing genomes is no longer the challenge annotating aand interpreting them is It is possible to navigate the human genome from a raw sequence to functional annotation to chromosome location Finding open dreading frames in raw sequence data to help identify gene locations in bacteria The relationship between genome size and gene number is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes An open reading frame is a stretch between a start and stop codon Expressed sequences are used in Eukaryotes to identify coding regions Introns and alternative splicing complicate computational gene finding Big genome lots of genes little genome fewer genes in bacteria In eukaryotes there is no direct correlation New genes arise from duplications of old genes often from unequal crossing over Bets globin family of genes is an example of a gene family in humans Different genes are expressed at different stages of life cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127
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