Lecture #1The Origins of RomeI. Early People of Italy/Rome: Phoenician- Good ship builders, traders of copper and tin, made the alphabet, lived in the top part of Africa, Greeks- Stayed on the outer side of Italy, traders; they took with them their culture to ItalyCeltics (Southern Gaul’s) - Travelers that followed herds, ferocious battlers, only group that went into the middle or central part of the Italian peninsula, not looking forwealth A. Indo-European1. Oscans: (Lived in the inner part of the Italian Peninsula) Spoke Indo-European language 2. Umbrians: (Lived in the inner part of the Italian Peninsula) Spoke Indo-European language3. Latins: (Lived in the inner part of the Italian Peninsula) Not a greatcivilization at the beginning, clan based system, Spoke Indo-Europeanlanguage and Latin.B. Non-Indo-European1. Etruscans: Used a unique language that was not alphabet based, used like hieroglyphic, it is a dominate civilization in the inner part of Italy for many years, we don’t know where they came from or where there language came from, the 12 cities that made up Etruscan were built on an older civilization ofthe Villanovan society, vary advanced and influenced Rome, power house.Etruscan’s Society: 12 kings each city had its own king. Each city met once a year to discuss war plans, like to fight other parts of Italy and each other. Kinghad control over everything and was the most important person in their cities. They didn’t work well with each other even though they all belonged to a big community, had noble men, had rights and rules, had high rank officials (aristocracies). Lived in a highly rich mineral area (Salt), advanced because later on had judges and elected kings, and also developed the tunnel method ofdraining which made lands more fertile and farming easier. Made the first boundary line tool for properties, which made it able to tell what was theirsand what was not. The fault for the tool was that it couldn’t be used to make curves.II. Founding of Rome: Four Stage Process 1) (900 - 800 BC) Small villages start to grow faster, someone showed up in Rome and started the formation of it, and Clan based cities start working together with each other. 2) (800 - 750 BC) The first permanent buildings start to appear, Acceleration of building and growth 3) ((750 – 625 BC) More permanent buildings appear, written language appears on stone, fortification appear around the city, altars to roman gods appear4) (625 – 575 BC) More expansion appears, Etruscans take over, new kings appear, and new wealth comes in, (Tarquin the Proud name for the king), the Etruscans were kicked out by the Roman people lead by Brutus the Stupid.III. Founding of the RepublicA. Overthrow of the Etruscan Kings: The Roman people rebelled and kick out Tarquin the Proud, the rebellion was led by Brutus the Proud.B. Myth of Internal Uprisings: Started to show how the people could control the leaders and to show how a foreign army could take over. But they also wanted to burry this because they didn’t want to show that Rome could be taken over by soldiersC. Magistrates and Assemblies1. Patricians: The old and powerful people in Rome, smallest group, army clavier and official2. Plebeians: The largest socialite group, free group and could own land, infantrysolider, most didn’t own land, worked for patricians, couldn’t hold offices, were the backbone of the Rome Republic, they were the workforce and Rome couldn’t survive without them, forbidden to knowing the law but were held accountable for breaking the law 3. The Assembly: The first of Rome and its name is Assembly of 100, every group got one advisor for every 100 people, and Patricians had control over the Assembly because they had the power and money to control the plebeians,known for deadlock because no one could agree on anything.4. The Senate: few delegates, only patricians could hold seats, had two purposes to advise the Tarquin kings and select the new king from the subsection line, 300 senators appointed by Praetors. 5. Praetors: was the highest officials in Roman world, lead the armies, judges of the land two men that had power over the senate and could veto them and each other, they would appointed the senators, had final say on anything the senate couldn’t decide on 6. King of Sacrifices: had no power, just a figure head, was there to be a priest IV. Plebeian Revolution: ( around 400’s BC) (Conflict of Orders)A. Sacred Band: A union that comes together and swears that they will protect each other but will not attack outside forces, Patricians didn’t take the Plebeians seriously, after many wars Rome is bleeding and hurt, so when the surrounding countries push in the Scared Band tells the Plebeians to put down their weapons and they did, this scares Patricians and the Plebeians says they want a few things or they won’t fight, 1) Council of Plebs 2) Tribunes (leaders) 3) Twelve Tables, the Patricians agree to everything so they would go back to fighting the invaders B. Council of Plebs: setup to mirror the stentorian assembly, everything now has to run through this assembly, and created new leader positions named Tribunes, C. Tribunes: only ones that could call the assembly, had veto power over senate, had powers to try Plebeians and only they could, had control over everything basically, D. The Twelve Tables : laws that were agreed on by both groups after the wars were over, it covered everything that went on in Roman culture, first law was that everyone had to memorize the whole table and could challenge at any time a person on the memorization, that way everyone would know the law and not just the higher ups. - Everything stops in the 390 BC, this is because they were invaded by the Gauls, the last time Rome would be sacked for 1,000 years, after they left the Plebeians demanded more after that and the Patricians said no because that didn’t stop them from being sacked by the Gauls, the Plebeians after get more power and they now can own land, also debt reliefwas put into place because Plebeians didn’t think they should have to pay back Patriciansafter they just lost against the Gauls. The Republic grows during this period and now it knocks heads with surrounding countries, but they face the Latin LeagueKey Words:Etruscan (Tarquin) Kings OscansThe Senate LatinsPlebeians VenetiansPatricians EtruscansCouncil of