Chapter 12 Leadership pages 368 378 What is Leadership vision or set of goals Trait Theories Leadership the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a Trait theories of leadership theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non leaders charismatic enthusiastic courageous Big Five extraversion showed a strong relationship to leadership as well as High EI indicates an effective leader empathy allows a leader to listen to conscientiousness and openness followers and manage emotions Traits can predict leadership Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders Behavioral Theories Behavioral theories of leadership theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non leaders we can train people to be leaders Leadership behavior described by employees initiating structure and consideration Initiating structure the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his role and those of subordinates in the search for goal attainment behavior that organizes work work relationships and goals assigns group members to particular tasks expects workers to maintain definite standards or performance and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines o Higher levels of group organization productivity and more positive performance evaluations Consideration the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust respect for subordinates ideas and regard for their feelings helps employees with personal problems friendly approachable treats all employees as equal expresses appreciation and support o Followers of leaders with high consideration were more satisfied with their jobs were more motivated and had more respect for their leader Employee oriented leader a leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations takes a personal interest in the needs of employees and accepts individual differences among members similar to consideration Production oriented leader a leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job similar to initiating structure Contingency Theories Fiedler contingency model the theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader o How do we figure out the leader s style Least preferred coworker LPC questionnaire an instrument that purports to measure whether a person is task oriented or relationship oriented o What is the situation Leader member relations the degree of confidence trust and respect subordinates have in their leader Task structure the degree to which job assignments are procedurized Position power influence derived from one s formal structural position in the organization includes power to hire fire discipline promote and give salary increases o Task oriented leaders perform better in situations very favorable to them and very unfavorable in situations of high and low control while relationship oriented leaders perform better in moderately favorable situations and moderate control situations o Individual s leadership styles are fixed therefore there are only 2 ways to improve leader effectiveness Change the leader to fit the situation Change the situation to fit the leader by restructuring tasks or increasing decreasing the leader s power to control Situational leadership theory SLT a contingency theory that focuses on followers readiness the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task o If followers are unable and unwilling to do a task the leader needs to give clear and specific directions o If followers are unable and willing to do a task the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for followers lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get them to buy into the leader s desires o If followers are able and unwilling the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style o If followers are able and willing the leader doesn t need to do much Path goal theory a theory that states that it is the leader s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group organization o Directive leadership yields greater satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out o Supportive leadership results in high performance and satisfaction when employees are performing structured tasks o Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability or considerable experience Leader participation model a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations the way leaders make decisions is as important as the decision itself Leader Member Exchange LMX Theory Leader member exchange theory a theory that supports leaders creation of in groups and out groups subordinates with in group status will have higher performance ratings less turnover and greater job satisfaction o It is unclear how the leader chooses the in and out group but there is some evidence that in group members have demographic attitude and personality characteristics similar to the leader or a higher level of competence than out group members
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