Nadelyn Pichardo Perkins LING 100 800 3 7 13 Nationalization Nat birth natal neo natal Tion N Al Adj Ize V Ate V N Adj Tion N Recondition Re Con Dit tion 1 Conditioning Environment the sounds around that make a sound take a certain form Comfortable com fort able con com with Latin cum 2 Nouns name categories universal quantification all unless given other info 3 Writing Systems Visual somewhat permanent way to record information Ways to record linguistic information Not random they are arbitrary pictures inadequate for communication easy to misinterpret Language is not the same as writing writing is a way to symbolize language 4 Kinds of writing systems Orthographies majority symbols are for sounds at various levels Pedographies symbols for teaching learning Technographies scientific tools IPA Shorthands saving time in writing Cryptographies designed to conceal info from some and reveal to others Venona Code Computer Mediated Communication CMC helps hinders 5 History Writing seems to have arisen independently only twice in Middle East and China about 4 000 years ago Pictographic writing systems don t last long Morphographic writing systems Chinese characters one symbol for one morpheme Disadvantages little correspondence with sound must be highly literate to get that lots of memorization until then Advantage usually very clear semantically Syllabic writing systems syllabaries Sanskrit Korean Hittite 2 of 3 Japanese systems Advantages clear relationship between sound and writing easy to learn and use Disadvantage if we have homophones they re semantically ambiguous in the writing system Alphabets individual phonemes both consonants and vowels Advantages easy to learn and use fewer symbols than syllabaries disadvantages ambiguities as above Abjads just consonants Arabic w cn d ths n nglsh nd t wrks srt f Advantages efficient disadvantages hard to work with until we already know the system lots of ambiguities Abugidas modified syllabic writing system Sanskrit devanagiri can change the vowels Advantages get best of both syllabic and alphabetic disadvantages how to balance alph syll demands 6 Our Alphabet Pictographic Then sounds associated with pictures Then Semitic abjad Phoenicians divided consonants and vowels alphabet Kept going changing Greeks Romans Runes mostly lost Germanic tribes ran into Romans early 44 B C barbarian invasions ran into declining Roman empire 1066 Norman Conquest French Roman alphabet Now we have the Roman alphabet with modifications j v vv s f Capitalization was a change Greek era use of capitalization has changed over time