JOUR200 Midterm ReviewI. Week 1: Mass Communicationa. Communication: process, not static. how we interact on different levels through messagesb. Intrapersonal communication: communication with self how one assigns meaning to the world around themc. Interpersonal communication: communication between different peopled. Group communication: one person communicating with an audience or groupe. Mass communication: technology sending messages to a large and mixed audience1. Mass media: tech tools that transmit messages of mass communication2. Sender message channel receiver (SMCR) or transmission model: dated model useful in identifying players in mass communication (Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver)3. Ritual model: contemporary model of mass communication states that people consume media messages to interact in a shared ritual with family and friends more so than to learn something from it on a personal level4. Publicity model: contemporary model states that media messages are not used to convey particular information but to draw attention to a particular person, group or concept.5. Reception model: considers how audience derives and creates meaning outof messages Instead of seeing content as having an intended (and fixed) meaning, this model says that each receiver of a message decodes the meaning of the message according to their own unique experiences feelings, and beliefs 6. Anonymous audience: receivers of mass communicationII. Precolonial a. Pre-books1. Preliterate, oral news2. Connections limited3. Spread of info via individual (interpersonal and group communication)4. Catholic church controls most of printing have monks hand copy books largely in control of what is printed during the time and as a result had major influence on public opinion and idealsi. Scriptoria: copying rooms in monasteries; monks prepare hand copies books5. 12th, 13th, and 14th centuriesIII. Technology that revolutionizes communicationa. Printing press/movable type1. Johannes Gutenberg i. German Blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisherii. His most famous printed book is the “Gutenberg Bible,” published in 1455; about 120 copies were printed, of which it is believed some 46 survive to this day2. Movable type: (1450) i. A system of printing and typography that uses movable blocks to reproduce a document (usually in individual letters or punctuation); ii. his invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period; iii. The limited number of characters needed for European languages was an important factor in its success in Europe (as opposed to Asia, where it truly began with block and woodcut printing)3. Printing press: (~1453) i. applies pressure to a print medium that rests on an>inked>surface made of>movable type, thereby transferring the ink. ii. .iii. The first printing press came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 (it printed the Bay Psalm Book – the colonies’ first best seller)4. Significancei. widely regarded as among the most influential events in the secondmillennium>revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the>period of modernityii. >played a key role in the development of the>Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant reformation and Scientific Revolution (catholic church in charge of what is printed and after invention of the printing press anyone could print anything which fueled independent thinking) and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the massesiii. Martin Luther- momentum for protestant reformation people beganto question the authority of the catholic church Luther published ninetly five theses where he criticized the church for acting corruptand selling indulgencesiv. Enlightenment- help revolutionary thinkers such as john Locke spread ideas such as natural rights, rule of law, and democracy across the globe and incite change in the Americas Thomas Paine English immigrant to Americas published common sense which influenced the revolution and was inspired by enlightenment idealsIV. Colonial Era (mid-1600s)a. Not the large, general appeal publications we know of todayb. filled with commentary and gossip that appealed to a particular groupc. expensive; reserved for small number of peopled. financed by political figuese. small number of subscribersf. First English-language newspaper, Curanto, published in Amsterdam in 1618. It’s one large broadsheet filled with British and foreign newsg. Publick Occurrences 1. frequently cited as the first first multipage “newspaper” in the colonies2. Its first and only issue is published Sept. 25, 1690 (the government immediately shut it down for comments on the King of France).3. Benjamin Harris (owner of a coffeehouse)4. intended to be a monthly publication 5. Boston, Massachusetts6. No second edition was printed, as the paper was shut down by the British colonial authorities on Sept. 29th, 1690h. Boston News Letter is the first paper to publish multiple issues in 1704i. Colonial newspapers contained mostly shipping news and political essays. These papers were aimed mainly at the wealthy elite, financed by political parties, and unbelievably biased and partisan. They were not objective, and debate between papers could turn violent.j. Papers in the colony were regulated by the British because they had to have a “Byauthority” stamp many shut down because they did not have this V. Revolution Era a. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)1. Revolutionary Pamphleteer 2. “common sense” influence revolution by spreading enlightenment idealsb. Margaret Green Draper1. Loyalist printer2. fled to England during toward end of revolution3. took over loyalist paper >The Massachusetts Gazette and The Boston News-Letter after husband’s deathc. First amendment: free speech/press1. Limitations: alien and sedition acts: >bills that were passed by the>Federalists>in the>5th United States Congress>and signed into law by President>John Adams>in 1798; allowed the president to imprison or deport aliens who were considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States". They also restricted speech which was critical of the federal government; condemned by democratic republicans and expired during Thomas Jefferson’s term and helped him get into office.d. John Peter Zenger (1697-1746)1. Independent editor, printer, small business owner in