9 20 13 China Exam 1 Review Questions importance of neolithic revolution where did it happen geographically what is the importance of the middle east to human history why all of civilizations were agricultural compare mesopotamian and egyptian civilizations o egyptian existed longer o egyptian more united o Sumerians o city states why did egyptian civilization prove to be more durable and more well organized which civilization produced the first law code what was the political organization of the tigris and euphrates importance of writing Sumerian civilization first why was it so important o with the help of writing government could become more formal and bureaucratic o they could control people and keep records what was common for confucian and hindu values the similarity between them o both required respect for the higher classes o both justified and preserved social inequality in which society indian or chinese would you like to be a merchant o indian o the merchants were not the lowest class in india o they weren t respected at all in chinese o trade was better developed in the south along the ocean o agriculture was the main economy of the north of india how did both chinese and indian societies relate to different religions did they like hate people of other religions o they both showed considerable tolerance for different religions o china is one of the few countries in the world that have never experienced antisemitism prejudice hatred of or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage in history Christianity and islam were not tolerant of other religions o crusades christians o muslims also had a direct mission to convert people compare indian and chinese civilization o people were able to express themselves more emotionally indian o chinese civilization stressed emotional control how to explain the spread of buddhism to china o cultural diffusion o spread along the silk road how did buddhism change in china o it was adopted to chinese political and patriarchal traditions o chinese buddhists tended to worship buddha and practice more emphasis on saintly intermediaries than believers elsewhere what did the aryan conquest bring to india o distinctive religious ideas indian political tradition stressed the importance of regional and local unions compare maurya dynasty to gupta dynasty india o gupta came second and controlled a larger territory indian caste system o brought to india by aryans o enforced rules about social behavior what issue is the most importance issue for hindu ethics o emphasis on individuals carrying out the individual s obligation of life nirvana means full union with the divine essence o the highest level one can achieve through practice of hinduism how did buddhism differ from hinduism o buddhism did not believe in caste system main stipulation idea of hinduism o all living creatures participate in divine essence areas of the world included in india s trading network o southeast asia o middle east o china most important features of indian art o very much sensual kama sutra book many depictions from kama sutra in indian art o links to religious beliefs o used human and animals figures o borrowed styles from other countries why were greece and rome dependent on Mediterranean trade compare scientific achievements of classical china india and mediterranean civilizations o china silk astronomical study paper compass playing cards o india mathematics arabic numbers as opposed to roman numbers kama sutra cotton tea medicine one of the first universities o mediterranean ancient rome why mohammad was so proud that islam improved the conditions of Arab women why arabs became world leading merchants between 7th and 13th centuries engineering dome in pantheon concrete aqueducts roman numbers able to build arches in architecture why did so many people convert to islam women roles in china india and middle east o especially middle east decline of civilizations causes of decline for classical civilizations o foreign invasions rome failed directly to germanic invaders were oppressed by huns indian was also invaded by another group of huns from central asia han dynasty in china o spread of devastating epidemics measles and plagues o over expansion in many cases killed half the population of the classical civilization all 3 civilizations united their nations in different ways china emphasized great center o most organized india under guptas was poorly organized rome depended on expansion o expansion provided slaves for rome o changes in culture and morality o reached limit of expansion around 180 CE romes s upperclasses became more and more pleasure seeking even common people stopped working began to demand from roman state bread and entertainment as a result cultural life in rome began to decay something was happening to the roman elite which was perhaps a result of authoritarian political rule as well as unbelievable commitment to luxury and sexual indulgement pompeii in rome like las vegas in the US famous for prostitutes houses where prostitutes lived and served to clients specific causes for each civilization china o decline of han dynasty started in 100 CE o confucian activities became less creative o beaurucrats became more corrupt less taxes went to the government o taoism made a popular religion india o regionalism century india country was separated into different regions o ability of guptas to control local rulers declined by 5th o many of invaders were integrated into the military caste of o regional princes began to control their estates and emphasize military power and unions so they became less and less dependable on guptas o spread of Islam after 600 o regional states were not strong enough to prevent invasion from the muslim middle east rome o decay began after 180 CE o collection of taxes became more and more difficult o decline in morality of citizens o decentralization of political and economic authorities o decline of trade and production no one wanted to work o many peasants burdened by economic pressures welcomed the barbarians o some historians believe a new religion christianity played a specific role in collapse of roman civilization o in 1453 Byzantine empire fell because it was taken by Ottomans turkish invaders 3 important phases in all civilzations o childhood o adulthood o overage demise o decline postclassical period began after these civilizations collapsed 2 most important issues in postclassical period