L5 Respiratory System Slide 1 The Respiratory System Slide 2 Functions and Structures of the respiratory System The Function o Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment occurs in the alveoli of the lungs o Passageways to the lungs purify humidify and warm the incoming air o Maintain blood plasma pH Structures of the Respiratory System o Nose o Pharynx o Larynx o Trachea o Bronchi o Lungs Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Why do we need oxygen o Electron Transport Chain ETC ATP o Oxygen is the final electron receptor Interaction with other systems system Glucose oxygen ATP o Transport RBC in cardiovascular system o Excretion urinary system Slide 3 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Upper Airways air passages of the head and neck Respiratory Tract from larynx throughout the lung o Composed of the o Needs glucose to generate ATP which is facilitated by the digestive 1 Conducting zone conducts air from larynx through lungs 2 Respiratory zone site fo gas exchange Respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs Alveoli Slide 4 functions of the Conducting Zone Air Passageway 150 mL volume dead space volume Increase air temperature to body temperature o Heat air to body temp for has exchange to occur Humidify air Removes some particles Contains o Goblet cells secretes mucus Traps foreign particles then swept away by ciliated cells o Ciliated cells cilia move particles toward mouth to be expelled NOT INVOLVED WITH GAS EXCHANGE ISSUE o Dead space volume not involved with gas exchange o Its just air in a passage way Slide 5 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Olfactory smell receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucousa that o Moisten air o Trap incoming foreign particles Olfaction the sent for survival o Bad smells teach avoidance o Means that particles have been in your nose which means your were too close to a potentially dangerous subtances o Usually bad smelling things such as fecal matter carry diseases and pathogens that can be harmful to humans o 90 of recognizable smells are disgusting smells to teach avoidance Lateral walls have projections called conchae o Increase surface area o Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity The nasal cavity is separated form the oral cavity by the palate o Anterior hard palate bone o Posterior soft palate muscle Slide 6 Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called sinuses Function of the sinuses o Lighten the skull Give it more structural integrity so it wont crush itself Think of this cinder blocks and bricks have holes in them so they don t collapse under their own weight o Act as resonance chambers for speech So you can hear your own voice o Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity Sinuses are located in the following bones o Frontal bone o Sphenoid bone o Ethmoid bone o Maxillary bone Slide 7 Pharynx Throat Muscular passage form nasal cavity to larynx Three regions of the pharynx o Nasopharynx superior region behind nasal cavity o Oropharynx middle region being mouth o Laryngopharynx inferior region attached to larynx The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food ISSUE common passage ways for air and food o Cant breathe and eat or drink at the same time o Choking results form shared structures o However it conserves space therefore need to take in less food forage less Slide 8 Larynx Routes air and food into proper channels Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and spoon shaped flap of elastic Plays a role in speech cartilage epiglottis Slide 9 Structures of the Larynx Thyroid cartilage o Largest of the hyaline cartilages o Protrudes anteriorly Adam s apple Epiglottis o Protects the superior opening of the larynx o Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea o When swallowing the epiglottis forms a lid over the opening of the Vocal folds true vocal cords vibrate with expelled air to create sound larynx speech Glottis opening between vocal cords Slide 10 Trachea Windpipe Four inch long tube that connects larynx with bronchi Walls are reinforced with C shaped hyaline cartilage Lined with ciliated mucosa o Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs Repells out because it goes the opposite way and its ciliated form function Slide 11 Structures of the Thoracic Cavity Chest wall is air tight and protects the lungs o Rib cage sternum o Thoracic certebrae o Muscles internal external intercostals diaphragm o Pleura is a membrane lining of lungs and chest wall Pleural sac around each lung Intrapleural space filled with inrapleural fluid volume 15 mL Fluid to reduce friction Slide 12 Lungs Occupy most of the thoracic cavity o Heart occupies central portion called mediastinum Apex is near the clavicle superior portion Base rests on the diaphragm inferior portion Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures o Left lung 2 lobes o Right lung three lobes Slide 13 Covering of the Lungs Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs o Pulmonary visceral means of the organ pleura covers the lung o Parietal pleura handles the outside lines the walls of the thoracic surface cavity Pleura fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding These two pleura layers resist being pulled apart Slide 14 Bronchial Respiratory Tree Divisions All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls o Pulmonary bronchi o Secondary bronchi o Tertiary bronchi o Bronchioles o Temrinal bronchioles Slide 15 Respiratory Zone Structures o Respiratory bronchioles o Alveolar ducts o Alveolar sacs o Alveoli air sac to one single grape Primary site of gas exchange is only at the alveoli For gas exchange o Increase surface area o Increase in thin membrane o Increase in moisture Slide 16 Alveoli 300 million alveoli lung tennis court size Alveoli site of gas exchange Rich blood supply capillaries form sheet over alveoli Type 1 alveolar cells o Make up wall of alveoli o Single layer epithelial cells Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant Like grapes they come in bunches but the alveoli is equivalent o Soap ambiphatic moleculte that effects hydrogen binding of water o Dissolve in water polar and in fat non polar o Prevents alveolar collapse Alveolar macrophages o Pathogens come in every time you breathe Slide 17 Respiratory Membrane Air Blood Barrier Thin squamous epithelial layer lines alveolar walls
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