Lecture 2 Tuesday September 4 2012 Blood Slide 1 Blood Slide 2 Blood The only fluid in the human body Clasified as a connective tissue Components of blood o 1 Living cells are called formed elements cellular elements Erythrocytes RBC Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes WBC Defends against pathogens Platelets cell fragments formed from megakaryoctyes big specialized cell important in clotting o 2 Non living matrix plasma is the fluid and the solutes The overlap of blood with the other systems is important Slide 3 Blood Hematocrit and Beyond When blood is centrifuged particles are separated based on density o Erythrocytes sink to the bottom 45 of blood o Buffy coat contain leukocytes and platelets less than 1 of blood the buffy coat is thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma May not be seen because the percent is so small o Plasma rises to the top 55 of blood Average blood volume o Women 5 0 L o Men 5 5 L taken See Diagram Why there is something at the bottom of the tube when a blood sample is o When blood is exposed to air and or a negative charge it coagulates so this substance neutralizes the charge to stop it from clotting o Percents of the diagram need to be known in order to diagnose an illness in lab Low RBC anemia High buffy coat infection or cancer Telling the difference between an infection and cancer if the buffy coat is high more tests will be run The WBC will be examined under a microscope if they are deformed then it is cancerous because cancer uncontrollable rapid division and growth of cells Slide 4 Plasma 55 Chart See Diagram Plasma and what makes up plasma work to maintain the osmonic balance to increase of decrease the concentration of the solvent o Osmotic Balance depends on the amount of solvent it goes in and out of cells those are the two compartments o If there is an imbalance water can enter cells causing them to burst or leave cells causing them to malfunction Water Solvent for carrying other substances absorbs heat Salts Osmotic balance pH buffering regulation of membrane permeability o Sodium o Potassium o Calcium o Magnesium o Chloride o Bicarbonate Plasma Proteins osmotic balance pH buffering clotting of blood defense antibpdies lipid transport o Albumin lacking pigments when it is denatured o Fibrinogen present but not active any time there is a pro at the beginning of a protein or a gen at the end of the protein that means it is inactive this is important to have because it allows the blood to start clotting when it is needed triggered o Globulins globular shape o Importance of maintaining blood osmolarity Kwashiorkor the body s main source of energy is carbs followed by fats It is not proteins because proteins are what make up our bodies In extreme cases such as famine the body resorts to using proteins When this happens the body osmotic balance changes because the solvents in the body the proteins are decreasing This causes the blood osmolarity to decrease making it less than the tissues This causes water in the blood to dilute the tissues which causes the tissue to expand usually the soft tissue in the abdomen This causes a bloated appearance of the stomach Substances Transported by blood o Nutrients o Waste products of metabolism urea uric acid o Respiratory gases oxygen and carbon dioxide respiratory o Hormones endocrine Slide 5 Physical Characteristics of Blood Blood is used as a vehicle of transport Color range the beige tint of the skin makes the deoxygenated blood look blue o Oxygen rich dark red o Oxygen poor dull red pH is between 7 35 and 7 45 7 4 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 38 degrees C this is higher than the body temp 37 because it transports heat throughout the body Slide 6 Blood Plasma is 90 Water 6 8 proteins which increase osmotic pressure buffer hydrogen increase blood viscosity thickness provide fuel during starvation famine or anorexia 3 major classes of Plasma Proteins o Albumins major contributor to plasma oncotic osmotic pressure and act as carriers o Globulins carriers clotting factors precursor proteins angiotensiogen immunoglobulins o Fibrogen blood clotting Nutrients glucose amino acids lipids vitamins Wastes urea bilirubin creatine Gases dissolved oxygen carbon dioxide Hormones Electrolytes o Relatively high concentrations of Sodium and Chlorine o Relatively low concentrations of Hydrogen changes pH Sodium bicarbonate changes pH would bind to hydrogen ions Potassium action potential if you had high potassium outside the membrane you wouldn t be able to transmit an action potential no brain activity instant death and Calcium control muscle contraction high levels mean you can regulate breathing also tells the cells what to do Slide 7 Ringer s Solution A solution of distilled water containing electrolytes and compounds so that the same concentrations as their occurrence in the body fluids This solution is iso osmotic to our blood and tissues o 280 300 300 milliomoles per liter Blood and tissue osmolarity must be equivalent to prevent net movement Maintaining hydration why not just water Exact same levels as blood plasma o Bc electrolytes are needed as well o Just water would expand cells organs such as the brain cant be expanded Slide 8 Osmosis o The water of the diluted blood will expand into the organs Water solvent diffuses down its concentration gradient The link between water and salt o Solutes in the body include electrolytes like sodium potassium and calcium ions o Changes in electrolyte balance causes water to move from one to another which alters blood pressure and can impair the activity of cells Water moves from low sulte concentration to high solute concentration Water reabsorption follows solute reabsorption Pure water has 0 solute present Slide 9 Blood Plasma Acidosis blood becomes too acidic Alkalosis blood becomes too basic In each senario the respiratory system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal Carbon dioxide can dissolve in water blood plasma and form carbonic acid o CO2 that is exhaled is from ATP it dissolves in tissues and in water o CO2 is really acidic CO2 H2O h2CO3 carboic acid H HCO3 bicarbonate o This is reversible o The direction is determined by the concentration Law of mass action o More CO2 more acid Slide 10 Acid Base Balance See Diagram Normal pH of arterial blood 7 4 o pH 7 35 acidic o pH 7 45 basic Most ions originate as by products of cellular metabolism Complications with acid base disturbance o Conformation change
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