Arguments: structured series of propositions (premises) supporting the truth of a further proposition (conclusion). P serve as support for the C. C is supported by P. Used to persuade others that what we are stating should be accepted.Deductive: If P is true, then the C necessarily follows. Ex. Pink eleph like purple milk, bob is a pink eleph thereforebob likes purp milk.Valid if: truth of P guarantees truth of C. P and C can still be false. Sound if: Valid and P are true. C and P cannot be false.Inductive: C is presented as following from P with a high degree of probability. Ex. Ppl only saw white swans therefore all swans are white. Valid if: C follows from P with a high degree of probability.Sound if: valid and P are true.Good if: inductively sound.Can be good but still have false C. Abductive: C is the best explanation for P. Ex. Bob’s FP are on the safe, if Bob broke the safe then his FP would be on it,therefore Bob broke the safe.Valid if: C is the best available explanation for P.Sound if: Valid and P are true.Good if: abductively sound.Can be good but still have false C.Equivocation: When meaning of a key word shifts in an argument. Ex. Man usedas person to man used as male.Circularity: A is the case bc of B, but B turns out to be only true if A is. Ex. The bible says G-d exists, what the bible says is true bc it’s the word of G-d. Therefore,G-d exists.Begging the Q: One who disagrees w C cannot be expected to accept the truth of P. Ex. The bible says that G-d exists. Therefore, G-d exists.Implicit premises: When we assume that a P is true without stating it in the argument. Ex. What most shoppers care about is low prices and convenience. Costco is the best grocery store around. Sufficient Condition: If A is a SC for B, then if A is true, B is true as well.Necessary Condition: If A is NC for B, then B cannot be true unless A is true.Priori if: It can be known completely independent of experience. Ex. MathPosteriori if: experience of the world is required for one to come to know it. Ex. My phone is in my back pocket. Descriptive ethics: concerned just with describing the ethical views of a societyPrescriptive ethics: concerned with the reasons behind ethical views and whetherthe reasons are good or bad.Meta-ethics: concerned with the meaningof terms like “morally right”, “permissible”, “impermissible”, “morallywrong” etc.Trolley Cases: Good intentions, bad consequences. Benedict: argues that the psychological categories of “normal” and “abnormal” are defined by culture. “Abnormality”- patters not adopted by culture. Moral values relative to culture. BUT, right and wrong is shared by all cultures. Cultural relativism is the descriptive view that groups have different ethical views. Ethical relativism is the meta-ethical view that there are no absolute moral norms. P1: Diff societies (and individuals) have diff views on what is moral. C: There is no objective moral right or wrong. Response: objective moral facts are weird: they are unlike any other facts. One cannot derive how something ought to be from the fact that it is a certain way.Despite our intuitions, it is not clear that there are objective moral facts to begin with. Deductively invalid: conclusion does not necessarily follow. Abductive: Not a good argument because relativism is not the best explanation for why different societies have different moral norms. P1: If there is objective truth in ethics, we should be able to prove that some moral opinions are true and others false. P2: As of right now, we cannot prove which moral opinions are T and which are F. C: There is no such thing as objective truth in ethics. Moral status: Moral judgments apply to actions to this entity Ex. A chair has no moral status; you will not wrong it by kicking it. A kitten does.Morally permissibile if: it is not morally wrong to do it and not morally wrong to not do it (an action)Morally impermissible if: it is morally wrong to do it.Morally obligatory if: it is not morally permissible to not do it. Negative rights: protection against actions that are morally impermissible.Positive rights: entitlements to some good or service.A right entails an obligation, but an obligation does not entail a right. Ex. I have a right to x, then u are obligated to respect that right. I can have an obligation towards bob, without bob having rights (if bob is a tree).Consequentialism: whether an action is morally right depends on the value of the consequences.Problem: intended consequences are good, actual are bad.Ethical egoism: defines “the good” as in what’s good for me.Utilitarianism: defines “the good” as what’s good for society.Deontological theories: an action is right just in case it accords with the proper set of moral rules.Problem: Justification of the rules. Is it morally right to do a little wrong to prevent a larger wrong?Virtue ethics: emphasizes the virtues or moral character. Ex. Helping someone is charitable. Problem: virtues/vices are not the same in every culture.John Paul: P1: Killing innocent humans is morally impermissible. P2: Abortion isthe killing of innocent humans C: Abortion is morally impermissible. Problem: C does not necessarily follow. If one does not believe a fetus is a humanthan they do not believe P or C. Equivocation. Deductively invalid. Begging the Q. Warren: P1: If the rights of a person and the rights of a non-person conflict, then the rights of the person take precedenceP2: Pregnant women are persons and fetuses aren’tP3: (From P1 and P2) If the rights of a pregnant woman conflict with the rights of her fetus, the rights of the mother take precedence C: (From P3) Therefore, abortion is morally permissible when the rights of a pregnantwoman conflict with the rights of her fetus.Personhood: consciousness and ability to feel pain; ability to reason; ability to havemotives and goals; ability for complex communication; ability to have a sense ofself.Enable us to be part of a moral communityNeed to be able to understand that one is doing something permissible or not and be responsive.Can argue that caring about being a productive member of the moral community is a characteristic too. Warren argues we should allow them ifpeople care about them and they do not interfere with the rights of people Marquis: deprives fetus of FLO. Does notclaim that abortion is always wrong. Contraception. Sentience (only entity thatsuffers can be wronged). Thomson: P1: The fetus is a personP2: