New Spain and New France Major Questions 1 What are the character defining features of Spanish colonization Beginning in 1519 huge amounts of silver were taken from Aztec January16th empires and made Spain rich The Aztec Triple Alliance was formed and by 1519 the Aztec Empire was huge with around 20 million people Mexico s main religion involved human sacrifices with the human as corn paradigm belief The human sacrifices reinforced the Aztec hierarchy and the Spaniards were disgusted by the idea of human sacrifice Hernando Cortes i Cortes was given an expedition to sail to the mainland with 600 soldiers in 1519 Their purpose was to recruit native allies and kill the rest When Cortes finally reaches the big city of Tenochtitlan present day Mexico City he holds the Mexica leader Moctezuma hostage in his own palace The Spanish and Cortes were eventually driven out of the city but they left behind smallpox which killed 1 3 of their people They later came back to the city with more native allies and won Hernando Desoto i Desoto led an expedition between 1539 and 1542 throughout Southeast America Conquistadors keep 4 5 of the profit and the other goes straight to the crown They fund their own expeditions Desoto had previous luck on an expedition and used that money to fund his expedition He died on the banks of the Mississippi never to find silver mines but his trail left behind horses and pigs Francisco Vasquez de Coronado i Coronado led an expedition throughout Midwest America between 1540 and 1542 Reasons for Spain to settle were for conversion and protection of mines Spain declared Native Americans subjects of the crown Spain also banned marriage and polygamy Encomienda and repartimento were forced labor and tribute systems for the Native Americans The system was supposed to regulate conquistadors from taking control of too many Native Americans They resisted at first when the Quale people murdered the Catholic priest in 1597 In 1680 Pueblo Indians of New Mexico rose up against the Spanish and drove them out completely Spain returned a few years later and the Native Americans adapted The Black Legend is the idea that the Spanish were uniquely brutal 2 What are the character defining features of French colonization The French were interested in the Northwest passage Jacques Cartier began his expedition in 1535 trading with Native Americans Cartier wanted to settle there since they had such a good relationship with the Native Americans but the climate was too cold In the early 1600s the French were able to settle since there was such great trading going on all down the St Lawrence River The trading fads at the time were fur and beaver pelt hats to the French These fads led to beaver hunters marrying into the Native American tribes Coureurs de Bois is the French term for runners of the woods Different tribes began fighting over beaver and their land which turned into the Beaver Wars throughout the 1600s During the Beaver Wars some tribes were actually completely exterminated 3 What are the major differences between the two Outline 1 Spanish Colonization a Phase 1 Exploration and conquest i Rise of the Aztec Triple Alliance Dominated dozens of smaller city states 1 1428 Mexica newcomers dominance Ethnic Mexica people united three major cities 2 Human sacrifice Man as corn paradigm reinforces hierarchy They adopted a local religion which was bound to the practice of human sacrifice a Very gruesome enthusiastic b Some cannibalism c This is critically important because it symbolizes human as corn paradigm and their dependence on corn agriculture Keeps dangerous supernatural forces in balances the cosmos would end and life would end without it d Bone seed blood water heart sun glesh kernel e This puts is place the social hierarchy Priests nobles and warriors are at the top ii 1519 1521 the Aztec conquest 1 Hernan Cortes and small pox vs the Mexica Tenochtitlan Gets the commission to lead the invasion of the mainland a Upon landing the first thing he does is sink all of his own ships 600 of them vs 20 million Native Americans They kill anyone that resists b There was a massacre of 3 000 unarmed civilians c They recruit allies by the thousands and arrive at Tenochitlan present day Mexico city1 Moctezuma welcomes Cortes and troops because he thought they were supernatural creatures He is taken captive in his own palace and the troop try to drive Spaniards out of the city but they troops had highly specialized weaponry so they were able to resist d Cortes leaves behind smallpox and kills about 1 3 of the Aztec empire in three months This makes it easy for them the easily take the city with thousands of native allies e Silver makes him rich and Spain becomes the wealthiest nation iii 1539 1542 the Soto Entrada disaster for all He comes looking for silver mines and large populations that can be easily exploited as well as aristocracy He is given permission to explore2 1 He got rich in Peru and moved into North America 1 2 of his men died he dies they claim no mineral wealth there are no large populations to exploit but they leave diseases pigs and horses and destroyed chiefdoms iv 1540 1542 the Coronado Entrada FAIL He comes also looking for silver mines and large populations that can be easily exploited 1 He was a governor in Mexico and heard about riches in the north explored the southwest b Phase 2 Settlement i Conversion 1 Jesuit missionaries found St Augustine 1565 The French crown actively supports piracy and protects key shipping routes 2 Franciscans found New Mexico 1598 New settlements serve as barriers against the French ii Protection Treasure fleets and Mexican silver mines i Economically subsidized Economically they can t support themselves and are subsidized by the crown 1 North Americans are considered subjects of the crown and native religious and marriage practices are banned ii Coerced conversion to Catholicism c What do they look like 1 A city of about 100 000 people made up of causeways aqueducts and floating gardens This is the most remarkable thing that the troops have ever seen 2 Conquistadors have to fund their own trip and they get 4 5s of the profit iii Forced labor and tribute systems Encomienda and repartimiento yet remain on land 1 Conquistadors claim the right to a certain number of natives and are reduced to virtual slavery 2 Curves abuses caps amount of labor and tributes 3 They grow crops tend to livestock and build buildings Domestic servants 4 Land tenure