Chapter 14 The Developing Countries of the Global South Grouping Countries in the Developing World There is a vicious cycle of poverty in these nations Many struggle for long periods of time with low economic development and are unsustainable Development Classification Global south Transitional countries are less advanced economically are less modern and have lower overall standards of living There is a huge variation among the developing nations in size and successes Regional Classification East Asia and Pacific mostly traditional village based China dominates Asian Tigers Singapore Taiwan Little Dragons Malaysia Thailand South Asia and Central Asia Primarily composed of the stans Nomadic kin and clan based cultures Many were taken by USSR North Africa and Middle East Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Most Muslim Arabic and conservative Geopolitical importance because of Oil reserves Sub Saharan Africa Poorest and lest economically developed Most countries in a neocolonial situation Mostly rural Latin America 2subsets countries that tend to be relatively advanced Argentina Brazil Chile Costa Rice Mexico Uruguay and small states Caribbean Honduras Nicaragua Jamaica Haiti Achieving Development in the Global South Obstacles Overpopulation Women tend to have over 3 children Population has doubled Limits resources creates political volatility Corruption and Inefficiency leads to poor management and many who cheat the system Demoralizes population and drains productive energy from political economy Geopolitical Vulnerability can be heavily reliant on a few commodities oil copper etc and economic health is tied to how they generate in the global economy Internal Disorder Can come from limited citizen support and human rights violations Can cause failed states Neocolonialism the informal and indirect but still significant control of the resources the economic system and even the political system of a developing country by powerful external actors Goal Prosperity Average income tends to be around 2 000 per year Quest for prosperity strategic choices Statism vs Neoliberalism Statism more extensive state control of the political economy Neoliberalism market oriented approach Preferred since the late 1980s Producing for Domestic Consumption or Export Import Substitution A country decreases the share of goods that are imported by producing more of those goods domestically Can provide subsidies or lower prices automatically Export Promotion firms are encouraged to produce goods and services that can be exported and sold at a profit in the global economy The Role of Agriculture Most are rural and families only produce enough to feed themselves The goals not are to Create stable and attractive prices within a reliable market Efficient distribution Increase crop yields Commercial agriculture people produce a surplus of food to be sold in a market Green Revolution new farming techniques including hybrid grains chemical fertilizers and pesticides The Mix of Manufactured Goods Services and Commodities Aim is to use labor and capital to transform commodities to intermediate goods As well as increasing services such as tourism and data entry Diversification can be difficult in countries with primary commodities such as oil or minerals Collaboration with Foreign Capital 4 ways Foreign Aid Direct money given with no expectation of repayment Foreign Direct Investment Invest in the developing country s firms or set up their own firms within the country Loans funds that are a short term solution that must be repaid Microcredit tiny loans given to individuals to help them launch ventures on HDI and PPP do not necessarily show much growth in these areas There is a lot small scales Current Outcomes of variation in success Goal Security Interstate Violence Reasons for violence among adjacent nations Geographic Boundaries Difference in Cultures Valuable Resources Severe Internal Problems Actions of Other States Often though they only take the place of a militarized dispute Often when in a non adjoining state it s with one from the global north Very costly search Economic Security ability to resist external manipulation of its political economy International Monetary Fund IMF a consortium of financial institutions that sets economic policy and monitors the behavior of global lenders and debtors Goal Stability Inadequate Political Development The Decline of Order Political Decay rise in citizen dissatisfaction and the absence of political institutionalization result in an increase of political decay noncompliance with political authority protests strikes riots terror and nation based violence Loss of order Military Regimes There is a commitment to order that can lead to brutal actions The military also has capabilities to function effectively because it s highly institutionalized They have the capacity to subdue order Internal War When political decay becomes so extensive that no groups not even the military can maintain order there is often either civil or revolutionary internal war The wars are often supported by global north countries depending on their own interests Democratization most developing countries are under pressure to become more democratic Spread most visible in Latin America Recent wave of democracy is spreading through global south Increasing prosperity at the same time Political Approaches balance between resource equality and democratic participation Conservative Authoritarianism attempt to preserve the traditional socioeconomic order and culture Tend to be stable where equality isn t a primary focus Modernizing Authoritarianism strong commitment to economic and social equality and to use political power to achieve this goal Revolutionary Socialism Strong commitment to economic and social equality and to use political power to achieve this goal Constitutional Democracy Promotes open politics in which citizens are allowed considerable political rights and civil liberties Which Route Often decided by political culture geopolitical situation nationalities history relations etc Is it Getting Better All the Time This is an argument for you to find out And I don t feel like typing that out