AdolFll L Dickson Unit 3 Lecture Review MORAL DEVELOPMENT 1 How did the psychoanalytic and behaviorists conceptualize moral development Psychoanalytic morality imposed by adults control drives Behaviorist avoid punishment and bad feelings guilt anxiety good behavior reinforced 2 In what way is Kohlberg s theory rooted in Piaget s theory Moral development is limited by cognitive development Development changes in reasoning behind decisions not changes in decisions made 3 Where does Kohlberg fall on the 3 major issues of development Discontinuous stages nurture change 4 What are the hallmarks of reasoning at each of Kohlberg s 3 Levels Level I Preconventional no community standards satisfy needs without getting punished this level is all about YOU Level II Conventional rules are internalized you understand laws exist even if you do not get punished for breaking them focus on maintaining social order Level III Postconventional internal self derived principles abstract thought various options have been considered before settling on own moral principles 5 How does reasoning at Stage 2 differ from reasoning at Stage 1 Stage 1 act of being punished is what is bad Stage 2 punishment is important but it is a risk you want to avoid does not define what is right and wrong 6 How does reasoning at Stage 4 differ from reasoning at Stage 1 Stage 1 main factor is punishment Something is bad only if you get punished for it Stage 4 see yourself as a member of community follow laws rules to maintain order in your community 7 How does reasoning at Stage 4 differ from reasoning at Stage 3 Stage 3 interpersonal norms what pleases others what others expect of you ex Good student Stage 4 more broad in society what the laws in society are the laws everyone has to obey 8 Is Kohlberg s theory supported by developmental research Children are mostly preconventional none are postconvential Preconventional declines with age Adolescents are mostly conventional Adults are conventional postconventional no postconventional until late adolescence stage 6 is rare AdolFll L Dickson 9 What does the recidivism study reveal about Kohlberg s theory Recidivism getting caught again returning to detention There is a difference in moral reasoning between those who return stage 3 and those who don t stage 1 or 2 10 Did Kohlberg believe his stages were culturally universal Explain Beliefs may differ across cultures but underlying reasoning is universal support order of stages 11 What are the major criticisms of Kohlberg s theory It is ethnocentric western ideal of justice as paramount other cultures have other ideas 12 How does Gilligan s conception of moral development differ from Kohlberg Gilligan says that justice orientation is not the only way to reason 13 What was her main criticism of Kohlberg s theory Kohlberg s dilemmas are limited meanwhile there are many other kinds of dilemmas 14 In what way s is her theory similar to Kohlberg s both have a sequence of stages in response to a crisis level 1 self focus level 2 social conventions level 3 beyond social conventions to conscience FAMILY 1 In what ways do changes in parents parallel the changes adolescents are going through Biologically perception of time future and power status 2 When is parent adolescent conflict at its highest Peaks at apex of adolescence 3 How did Kahlbaugh Haviland 1994 measure conflict Counted the instances of non verbal behaviors of avoidance Shame gaze avoidance touching face Contempt rolling eyes leaning back arms crossed 4 What developmental design did they use Correlational 5 What were the findings from this study We assume that puberty causes conflict but correlation does not equal causation AdolFll L Dickson 6 How can the a psychoanalytic b evolutionary and c social learning approaches explain the relationship between pubertal maturation and parent adolescent conflict During adolescence you detach from your parents minimize inbreeding and turn to your peers for social rewards instead 7 How did Steinberg 1988 attempt to answer the question of causality between conflict and maturation He manipulated a variable and studying it using longitudinal data 8 What were the results of Steinberg s study Conflict highest at apex closeness decreased with maturation and distance accelerated maturation 9 How does it relate to the question of gene environment interactions Social environment can affect biological maturation just like we saw in the fish world male alpha vs male subordinate Gene environment relationship is bi directional 10 What is the nature of parent adolescent arguments Parent and adolescents tend to agree on values importance of hard work etc and disagree on issues of personal taste preferences going out on a school night etc PEERS 17 What did Henry et al 2007 find in relation to the role of peer influence in sexual attitudes and behaviors Adolescents chose different friends with attitudes similar to their own Adolescents with friends who reported having unprotected sex are more likely to have unprotected sex and vice versa 18 How is parenting style related to peer conformity Permissive parents vs authoritarian very strict parents Usually peer influence reinforces parental influence Who adolescents are friends with is influenced by parents 19 How can rejected and neglected adolescents be helped Learn to attract positive attention Decode social cues and pick the appropriate response Behave in ways consistent with choice Don t spend as much time reflecting on situation thinking everyone s out to get you 20 What is the main difference between adolescent and childhood friendships Childhood friendships based on proximity and shared activities adolescent friendships focus more on trust 21 How do males and females differ in terms of intimacy in friendships AdolFll L Dickson Girls are more intimate share intimate info listen and understand Boys report trusting their friends less teasing for revealing mistake foolishness 22 How might style of expression of intimacy play a role in this difference Girls talk more about personal matters Boys have nonverbal expression 23 What did Erikson have to say about the development of intimacy And how is it related to identity development 2 individuals identities fused neither ones personal identity is lost but the couple as a hole has their own identity but partners don t lose their own sense of individuality You need to find your own identity before your capable of intimacy 24 What are Crowds and Cliques How