HUMN NTR 2210 Final Study Guide Study Guide Vitamins Chapter 8 Contemporary Nutrition Chapter 10 11 12 Contemporary Nutrition A Functional Approach 1 List some factors that can cause a decrease in vitamin content of foods especially in fruits and vegetables and include some tips for preserving the vitamin content of foods long term storage at warm temperatures excessive cooking heat light exposure to air cooking in water alkalinity can all destroy vitamins the sooner a fruit or vegetable is eaten after harvest the less chance of nutrient loss preservation tips eat soon after harvest freezing is the best method fruits and vegetables often frozen boiling vegetables after freezing destroys enzymes that would degrade the vitamins refrigerate foods trim and peel fruits and vegetables minimally minimize reheating store canned foods in cold place don t add fats or baking soda during cooking 2 What are the active and precursor forms of vitamin A active performed forms retinoids chemical form only found in foods of animal origin percursors provitamin A substance that can be made into a vitamin if the body needs it carotenoids pigment materials in fruits and vegetables yellow and orange in plant foods most potent form is beta carotene both forms make up vitamin A 3 What is vitamin A s function in the retina promotes vision performs important functions in light dark vision and a lesser extent of color vision allows certain cells in the eye to adjust from bright to dim light prevents drying of the eye prevents night blindness cant adjust to low amounts of light 4 What happens to the cornea of the eye during a severe vitamin A deficiency What is the name of this deficiency disease the cells of the eye and especially cornea stop secreting mucous and the eye becomes dry and hard and eventually die which can then lead to more infection and blindness the name of this disease is called xerophthalmia means dry eye 5 What is the primary function of vitamin D How does this relate to calcium metabolism vitamin D regulates blood calcium along with Parathyriod hormone and bone metabolism regulates so appropriate amounts of blood calcium are supplied to all cells involves regulation of absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine and deposition of calcium in the bones when it increases the calcium and phosphorus in blood it then deposits more in the bones and it increases the bone calcification which strengthens the bones 6 Why is vitamin D called the sunshine vitamin Vitamin D can be synthesized with from sun exposure if you expose your body enough to it but if you don t then you need to eat food containing it or take supplements amount of sun exposure needed depends on skin color age time of day season and location 7 What happens to bones during a vitamin D deficiency they weaken and start to bow under pressure this disease is called rickets decreased bone mineralization causes soft and bendable bones 8 What is the name of this deficiency disease look above called rickets 9 Is there a UL for vitamin A and D UL upper limit toxicity vitamin A can occur with a large intake over a long period of time 3000 micrograms per day dietary carotenoids do not produce toxic effects vitamin D can be toxic especially in infancy and childhood 100 micrograms per day for individuals over age of 9 10 How does vitamin E function as an antioxidant an antioxidant can form a barrier between a target molecule and a compound seeking its electrons donates electrons to electron seeking compound to protect other molecules from having them stolen free radicals are highly reactive compounds containing an unpaired electron if vitamin E not available free radicals can pull electrons from the cell membranes DNA and other electron dense cell components his alters DNA and injures cell membranes overall the body needs vitamin E to carefully regulate exposure to free radicals and thereby prevent cellular damage 11 What are good dietary sources of vitamin E plant oils mayonnaise ready to eat cereal nuts salad dressings eggs margarine 12 What is the primary function of vitamin K in the body vital for blood clotting needed for activation of several blood clotting factors blood clotting inactive clotting factors active clotting factors solid clot formed vitamin K dissolved into blood 13 Should vitamin K be taken with blood thinners no because it will reduce the effectiveness of it because they are meant to lessen blood clotting and vitamin k increases it 14 How can vitamin K be made in the body made by the bacteria that line the gastrointestinal tract 15 What is a coenzyme a small molecule that interacts with enzymes to enable the enzymes to function contribute to enzyme activity formed from B vitamins enzymes cannot function without these coenzymes inactive enzyme vitamin conenzyme active enzyme 16 Which B vitamins are added to cereal grains as part of the enrichment program thiamin riboflavin niacin folic acid 17 What are the richest food sources of thiamin lean pork and ham whole grains high too 18 What are the richest food sources of riboflavin milk and milk products enriched grains cereal meat eggs 19 What type of anemia results from a deficiency of folate or vitamin B 12 megaloblastic anemia anemia characterized by the presence abnormally large red blood cells with inability to divide immature 20 What are neural tube defects and how are they related to folate nutrition a defect in the formation of the neural tube occurring during early fetal development this type of defect results in various nervous system disorders such as spina bifida folate deficiency in the pregnant woman increases the risk that the fetus with develop this green leafy vegetables organ meats sprouts dired beans orange juice ready to eat cereal disorder 21 What types of foods are rich sources of folate 22 What is unique about vitamin B 12 absorption complex means of absorbing requires a protein from salivary gland binds with B 12 in stomach protects from stomach acid is released from B 12 in small intestine B 12 binds with the intrinsic factor protein like compound made in stomach enhances absorption in the small intestine absorbed in last part of small intestine abut 50 is absorbed 23 What is the primary function of vitamin C role in synthesizing the protein collagen highly concentrated in connective tissue bone teeth tendons blood vessels and is important for wound healing strengthens structural tissue 24 What is scurvy How is this disease related to a
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