1 Definitions and history of psychology a Changes in causes of death in last 100 years Infant mortality i ii Nutrition iii Environment iv Knowledge v Prevention vi Treatment vii Access to care viii Quality and timing of care b In 1900 pneumonia flu and tuberculosis were HIGH and cancer and heart disease were LOW in 2009 it is the OPPOSITE because of vaccinations i Today people are dying of chronic diseases not caused by a pathogen ex heart disease diabetes cancer etc rather than infectious diseases tuberculosis pneumonia flu a lot of this can be attributed to individual behavior and lifestyle c Biomedical definition of health i Absence of disease ii iii Defines health as the absence of disease Disease is exclusively a biological process and is a mechanist result of exposure to a PATHOGEN disease causing organism Spurred development of drugs and medical technology to remove pathogen and CURE DISEASE compatible with infectious diseases 100 years ago v vi CHRONIC DISEASES MADE THIS MODEL INADEQUATE iv d Biopsychosocial model of health Interrelates BIOLOGY ENVIRONMENT and PSYCHOLOGY i ii Health in relation to WELL BEING iii the approach to health that includes BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL and SOCIAL INFLUENCES many diseases result from a combination of factors such as GENETICS PHYSIOLOGY SOCIAL SUPPORT PERSONAL CONTROL STRESS COMPLIANCE PERSONALITY BACKGROUND CULTURE More than just the absence of disease they may not have a disease but they may also NOT be healthy HEALTH IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL iv v 2 Research designs and methods a Definitions i Experimental vs descriptive research 1 EXPERIMENTAL a used to compare people across different age groups b determine CAUSALITY c one variable to cause or influence another causality d experimental group receive treatment identical to that of the participant in the control group but receive one level of the independent variable condition of interest being manipulated and tested that is different from control group and control group ii Placebo 1 Definition an inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of an active treatment and that may cause participants to improve or change because of their belief in the placebo s efficacy 2 The more a placebo resembles an effective treatment the stronger the placebo effect 3 To prove a treatment effective the treatment must show a higher rate of effectiveness than a placebo iii Prospective vs retrospective longitudinal study 1 Prospective Studies a A type of observational method in Epidemiology b Definition begin with a population of disease free participants and follow them over a period of time to determine whether a given condition ex cigarette smoking high BP obesity is related to a later condition ex heart disease or death 2 Retrospective Studies a A type of observational method in Epidemiology b Definition begin with a group of people already diseased or suffering with a particular disease or disorder and then looking backward for characteristics or conditions that marked them as being different from people who do not have that problem iv Cross sectional vs longitudinal study 1 Cross sectional Study a Definition a way to understand how health problems develop over time studies conducted at only ONE point in time b Advantage of speed but cant see changes over time 2 Longitudinal Study a Definition a way to understand how health problems develop over time follow participants over an extended period b Assess the same people over time which allows researchers to ID developmental trends and patterns v Epidemiology 1 Definition a branch of medicine that investigates factors that contribute to health or disease in a particular population vi Prevalence vii Incidence 1 Definition the proportion of the population that has a particular disease or condition at a specific time 1 Definition measures the frequency of new cases during a specified period usually one year viii Experiment ix Randomized clinical trial b Criteria for demonstrating causality c Goals and functions of theory 1 Pain a Definition of pain vs suffering i PAIN 1 Definition an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage 2 Pain is inevitable and out of our control and at one point or another we will all experience it suffering on the other hand is in our control and we can decide whether or not our pain is worth us suffering b Definition of nociceptors and nociception i Nociceptors 1 Definition receptors in the skin and organs that are able to respond to various types of stimulation that may cause tissue damage heat cold cutting crushing burning ii Nociception 1 Definition the process of perceiving pain c Brain areas associated with pain relief i Thalamus 1 Receives information from afferent sensory neurons that relay info from the sense organs toward the brain in the spinal cord ii somatosensory cortex located in the cerebral cortex 1 2 receives information from the thalamus allowing the entire surface of the skin to be mapped on the somatosensory cortex a the areas more rich in receptors occupy more than those that are poor in receptors iii Cerebellum involved in pain iv Anterior cingulate cortex 1 active in both physical and emotional pain v Periaqueductal gray area 1 activity relieves pain 2 located in midbrain 3 neural activity spreads downward to the spinal cord and pain relief occurs 4 Projects to reticular formation and medulla 5 These project to spinal cord and modulate transmission of pain signals d Specificity Theory i Separate pain system ii Pain equal to tissue damage iii Predicted specific receptors for each type of pain heat cold etc iv Predicted pain center in brain i Pain reflects high levels of stimulation through other senses ii Not as specific but still focused on sensation e Pattern Theory f Gate Control Theory i Neural gate modulates pain signals before they reach brain ii Gate is in spinal cord iii Control of the gate 1 Opened by activity in A delta myelinated so conduct faster smaller so conduct impulses slower C fibers unmyelinated so conduct neural impulses slower 2 Closed by activity in A beta fibers myelinated so conduct faster larger so conduct faster and other afferent fibers e g rubbing pressing 3 Opened or closed by brain signals a pathway for psychosocial influences g Neuromatrix Theory i Melzack extended gate control theory ii Neuromatrix emphasizes role of brain in pain perception iii Patterns of brain activity generate