Exam 2 Review (Chapter 8 -14)Chapter 8 Change in population The world population is over 6.7 billion, and the greatest concentration of people is in Asia China is the most populous country It is estimated that by 2050, India will surpass China as the most populous country By 2050, 75% of the world’s population will live in cities Many of the world’s cities are called gateway cities: because they are located on borders (between countries) or on coastlines Immigrants often arrive in gateway cities Human Capital: the sum total of an individual’s human resources Human Resources can be divided into three main categories: Cognitive: knowledge, intelligence, and reasoning Affective: emotions and feelings Psychomotor: muscular activity associated with mental processes and the ability to do physical work Many tasks require skills from two or more of these categories Ex: typing requires cognitive and psychomotor skills Ex: parenting requires all three types of human resources One important population change in the United States is the rapid increase in the percentage of minority and immigrant groups Another trend is the maturation or aging of society The baby-boom generation has grown up and established family/community roots, cared for teenage kids, and elderly parents Elderly people today are healthier, more active, and more affluent than those fromprevious generations Alvin Toffler: author of Future Shock, coined the word “demassification”: which means breaking away from mass society where everyone must be the same The primary source of the United States population data is the national census, which is taken every 10 years by the Bureau of the Census First census was taken in 1790 when George Washington was present; the population then was 3.9 million. Demography, Demographics, Family demography, Fertility rate, Morality, Immigration Demography: the study of the characteristics of human populations- that is, their size, growth, distribution, density, movement, and other vital statistics Demographics: are data used to describe populations or subgroups Family Demography: was founded by Paul Glick who wrote the first overview of the field for the Journal of Marriage and Family (1988) Population figures are affected by 3 main factors: Births Deaths Immigration The birthrate is technically termed “fertility” Fertility rate: the yearly number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing ageExam 2 Review (Chapter 8 -14) List of countries that are experiencing a dramatic drop in the average number of children born per woman from the early 1980s to early 2000s: Brazil China Indonesia Mexico Russia Thailand Tunisia Turkey Mortality: the technical term for death Immigration: refers to the number of people who enter and settle in a country where they are not native From 2000-2010 in the U.S. the most rapid regional growth was in the South and West, the most populous states are California Texas New York Florida Illinois Another way to look at population: by density (the average number of residents per square mile in each state) Top 5 by density: District of Columbia (DC) New Jersey Puerto Rico Rhode Island Massachusetts The least densely populated state: Alaska Fertility Rates are plummeting Globally, the average life span has jumped from 49.5 years, to 63 years High unemployment and poor economies have been shown to have direct impact on fertility rates in industrialized countries Ex: During the Great Depression, the U.S. had low fertility rates The U.S. had birthrate increases (sharply) after WW2. Known as the “baby-boom”: 3.9 million babies were born A documented trend is a DECREASE in teen pregnancies Since 1990, the U.S. rate has dropped by almost 10% Population growth The median age is 37 years old There are 16 million college students in the U.S. There are more females than males *(however, the ratio varies by age groups -> in the younger years, there are more males than females) Minority groups are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population On average: minority populations are younger than other Americans, have higher birthrates, and their numbers are increasing owing to immigration Race categories on the census include:Exam 2 Review (Chapter 8 -14) White Latino/Hispanic Black/African American American Indians/Alaskan Natives Asians Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Other About 17% of Native American firms are in the service sector, including casinos Hispanics/Latinos are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. Majority live in Arizona, New Mexico, Florida, Texas, and California 1/3 of blacks live in one of the following five states: Georgia Florida Texas California New York Asian Americans constitute 3-4 % of the nation’s population They place a high emphasis on parent child relationships and practice filial piety: respect for elders and having a moral duty to obey, honor, and assist parents They are the most highly educated Mobility, Household The number of households is increasing in the U.S., but the number of persons perhousehold is decreasing One reason for the decline in household size? Lower fertility rates Male-headed households are the fastest growing type of household Change: means to cause to be different, to alter, or to transform Two types:- Internal Change: originates within the family Ex: births, marriages, divorces, deaths- External Change: fostered by society or the outer environment Ex: tornados, recessions Adaptability: the ability to cope with change It is an example of a human resource that everyone has, but in different quantities Because of personality, behavioral, and situational factors, each person approaches change differently Mobility: the technical term for changing residences About one of six adults changes addresses every year Those in childbearing ages once in every three years Typical householder moves every 5-6 years Mobility affects finances Moving is usually a stressor Children may have to change schools due to a move, parents changing a job Moving affects individual or family morale (can be positive or negative) Spiraling, fatalism, depression, actuationExam 2 Review (Chapter 8
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