1 Women generally smile more than men 2 How loud someone speaks is an element of paralanguage 3 Women tend to experience more dissatisfaction with their bodies then men do reflects the research about body CHAPTER 6 satisfaction levels 4 Men and women have biological sex related differences in brain functioning that influence their ability to understand nonverbal communication females learn to decode nonverbal communication because they are sensitive to and build relationships the standpoint theory tells us women must learn to interpret others in order to survive as subordinate members of society are all an explanation for gender and sex related differences in ability to decode and interpret others nonverbal communication 5 The father s holding of Ben s shoulders to direct him to his bedroom is an example of haptics 6 Nonverbal can function in regulating interaction establishing liking supplementing verbal communication and establishing power 7 False Verbal communication conveys the majority of the total meaning during an interaction 8 True Facial expressions such as smiling are a type of kinesics 9 True Women are generally more skilled than men at interpreting nonverbal communication Nonverbal Related to gender culture in 2 ways expresses cultural meanings of gender and men and women use to present themselves as gendered people 3 primary functions to supplement verbal communication to regulate interaction and to convey the bulk of relationship level meaning responsiveness liking power 5 ways supplements verbal repeat words contradict complement replace and accent important parts Women use to invite others into conversation making eye contact and men use to hold onto the talk avoiding eye contact Vocal qualities touch and use of space convey control messages Artifcats personal object that can both express identity and influence how we see ourselves When personal space is invaded we restore our privacy zone elevator phenomenon or challenge the invasion Haptics touch Women exceed men in their ability to decipher facial cues but men are able to notice angry faces quicker CHAPTER 7 object femininity 1 The ability to view yourself and see your actions and thoughts from an outsider s perspective is called self as 2 Spreading rumors causes social aggression in girls 3 Kami it is hard to be the perfect mother employee and wife is an example of superwoman theme of 4 Research shows about parental communication with or about infants that they tend to describe same sex babies in different terms based on the sex of the baby 5 True According to psychoanalytical theorists boys and girls begin to learn gender through unconscious identification with a primary caretaker who is typically female 6 False When taking care of their children mothers typically allow their children to take a lot of risks 7 True Though many things have changed about gender over time appearance is still a primary measure and marker of femininity 8 False Men in the US are seen as failing at masculinity if they try to transcend traditional notions of masculinity 9 False Female babies tend to identify with their mothers and male babies tend to identify with fathers Becoming Gendered 2 processes to develop a personal identity conceiving the self as object and monitoring We use symbols words to define who we are I am a woman teacher daughter student and we are told what to think do look like and feel psychoanalytic theory a person s core identity is shaped in the early years of life Freud the genitals determine while parent a child will identify with Anatomy is destiny 6 themes of manhood don t be female be successful be aggressive and tough be sexual be self reliant and embody exceed traditional views of masculinity 5 themes of womanhood appearance still counts be sensitive and caring negative treatment by others be superwoman and there is no single meaning of feminine anymore CHAPTER 8 1 A challenge males face in academics Compared to same aged girls boys have more energy and less impulse control so they are less likely to adjust to early school contexts 2 Elaine made an extra effort to get ready to study with Eric effortless perfection 3 Pressures female faculty members face are that their mistakes are judged more harshly than male faculty members they are scrutinized more closely than male faculty members they tend to be judged on their past accomplishments rather than their future potential and they are expected to do more service than their male counterparts 4 True On average males in the US lag behind their female peers in academics 5 True People practicing invisible hand discrimination truly believe they are acting in an unbiased manner 6 False Gender biased curricula no longer exists 7 False The more prestigious the institution the more likely it is that the faculty will be diverse including many women and racial minorities 8 True Girls are more likely than boys to go to college 9 False College males report studying more than college females do Gendered Education Less attention and encouragement to female students than to white male students creating barriers to women students achievements and aspirations with systematic and pervasive biases against female students 1994 but in 2000 the discrimination in schools is aimed at boys and from gender diff few women major in sciences Through 20th century girls and women in the US have had less educational opportunity than boys and men but now historic discrimination against female students have been eliminated earlier education is feminine with adult females outnumbering adult males and harder to control young boys making it harder later Boys lag behind girls in reading and other verbal skills more likely to drop out less percentage graduate advantage at 3 D spatial thought Women face barriers in math and science but perform equally well on math tests affects confidence careers involve more direct interaction with people 2 categories fit traditional stereotypes of women Betsy Ross and the American flag and distinguish themselves on men s term and in masculine contexts Mother Jones The active sperm invade the passively waiting egg Title IX women must be provided equal opportunity to participate in sports colleges must provide athletic scholarships equal equipment supplies practice time etc Boys may not act feminine but girls may act masculine Males drink and engage in sexual activity to be Girls make fun of other girls are touched without consent and complimented on appearance