3 Classical Conditioning Foundations 13 57 00 12 02 2013 2 12 Pavlovian Classical Conditioning conditioning in dogs Ivan P Pavlov Russian physiologist and Nobel Laureate discovered salivary In his studies of digestive reflex physiology in dogs Pavlov noted anticipatory Dogs began to salivate when placed in the experimental setting and prior to the salivation presentation of food Pavlov studied the process by which stimuli that signal the delivery of food come to elicit anticipatory salivation or conditioned salivation Pavlov s procedures have been applied to a broad range of situations and a consistent pattern of effects on behavior across situations have been reported The procedures and their effects on behavior constitute The Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm The Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm Conditioned Stimulus CS Orienting Reflex OR Unconditioned Stimulus US Unconditioned Response UR Salivary Conditioning in Dogs o Tone CS Turning toward sound source OR o Dry meat powder in mouth US Salivation UR Repeated paired presentations of CS then US Acquisition of Pavlovian Salivary Conditioned Response CR Salviation to the tone CS prior to the delivery of the food US Pavlovian Conditioning Procedures Common Pavlovian conditioning procedures o Salivary conditioning in dogs and humans o Eyeblink conditioning in humans and primates o Nictitating membrane conditioning in rabbits o Fear conditioning in rats primates and humans o Conditioned dopamine activity in rats and humans o Cardiac conditioning in rats primates and humans o Sign tracking in pigeons rats and humans o Taste aversion learning in rats and humans CS US Association As a result of experience with repeated CS US pairings the subject s behavior toward the CS changes The subject learns that the presentation of the CS signals the presentation of the US Often the CS elicits responding the CR that resembles responding that is elicited by the US the UR indicating that the subject now associates the CS with the US Characteristics of Pavlovian CR The conditioned response CR o Acquired reflex without awareness or intention o Involuntary difficult to control or suppress o Triggered by the CS externally controlled o Durable CS US association is permanent What is a reflex A rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus Innate or unconditioned does not require learning Examples salivary reflex startle reflex knee jerk reflex What is a Pavlovian Conditioned Response CR Pavlovian CR is an acquired reflex Pavlovian CR is a rapid and involuntary response to a CS CR is learning or conditioned by experience with CS US pairings Examples salivary CR fear CR eyeblink CR Properties of Pavlovian Conditioned Responses CRs You don t do it It happens to you It s a reflexive response You can t control it or stop it It s an involuntary action The response is controlled by the triggering stimulus CS The response is difficult to get rid of Salivary Conditioning in Humans Procedures o CS Tone of 1000 Hz delivered through stereo headphones o US Jigger of sour acid solution grapefruit vinegar lemon juice dumped into the mouth o UR profuse salivation to the sour acid solution US o CR profuse salivation to the tone CS that occurs prior to the dumping of the sour acid solution US into the mouth Salivary Conditioning in Humans Question Is the salivary conditioned response CR an acquired reflex that develops without awareness of the CS US relationship or the intention to perform the CR o Repeat the experiment but explicitly instruct the subject to ignore the tone and the sour acid solution as much as possible o In addition maximize distractions by allowing the subject to watch television while pairings of tone CS and sour acid solution US are administered Results The salivary conditioned response develops to the tone CS even though the subject is being distracted at the time the CS US pairings are delivered Salivary conditioning is observed even in subjects who cannot verbalize the relationship between the tone CS and sour acid solution US Salivary Conditioning in Humans Question Is the salivary conditioned response CR an involuntary act that is difficult to control or suppress o Repeat the experiment but explicitly instruct the subject to inhibit or suppress salivating when the tone CS is presented o In addition to maximize the subject s motivation to control salivation offer to pay the subject a cash reward immediately after each trial on which the subject does not salivate Results The salivary conditioned response CR develops to the tone CS even though the subject has been explicitly instructed to inhibit or suppress salivating The cash incentive does not improve control over salivating CR Acquisition Function CR Extinction Function Spontaneous Recovery Repeated Extinctions Rapid Reacquisition Savings CS US Association if Durable The Pavlovian CR exhibits spontaneous recovery The Pavlovian CR exhibits rapid reacquisition savings The Pavlovian CR exhibits long term retention even years after training The Behavior of the Drug Addict Key features of Pavlovian CRs resemble behaviors exhibited by drug addicts Drug taking is difficult to control drug taking is involuntary Drug taking is observed even in the face of a specific intention to not consume the Drug taking is reflexively triggered by stimuli CS present at the time that the drug s drug drug taking is compulsive effects US are experienced Drug taking is difficult to eliminate Relapse resembles spontaneous recovery rapid reacquisition savings and long term retention 2 14 Drug related CSs induce Pavlovian CR Performance Stimuli that have been repeatedly paired with the drug s effects come to elicit o Conditioned subjective emotional reactions feelings or emotional states o Conditioned physiological reactions autonomic or neurobiological or neuroendocrine responses o Conditioned skeletal motor reactions gross body movements motor responses directed action patterns Stimulus can be Drinking drug buddy Specific cocktail glass Conditioned Subjective Emotional Reactions Conditioned euphoria or mood elevation or arousal or excitement Conditioned increase in urges to use the drug Conditioned increase in cravings to experience the drug s effects Conditioned increase in the motivation to get high Conditioned Physiological Reaction Conditioned changes in autonomic responses o Heart rate o Skin conductance o Sweating o Body temperature Conditioned change in neurobiological responses Conditioned changed in neuroendocrine