All 3 together: native foxes and skunks in Cali islands (how islands were before Europeans showed up) but after Europeans little pigs showed up in the islands but they are a huge conservation problem. Eagles didn’t use to bother to go out to the islands that much because there wasn’t much prey. But once the pigs were introduced the eagle decided it was better to go so it brought the eagles to the islands that don’t just eat the pigs but also the foxes. The fox population dropped drastically and has been decreasingPredation: eagles on pigs and foxes. Competition: foxes and skunks. Indirect: pigs have a negative effect on the fox but the pigs support the eagles, which also eat the foxes. Indirect effect of eagles on mice.Smaller patch size should affect viability of a population: smaller size=decrease population (could be because of increased stochasticity) =increase inbreeding by way of decreased heterozygosity; decreased size could cause increase extinction (predators) then an increase in population size of prey. Smaller patch size should affect species richness: smaller size = smaller richness due to fewer resources, less opportunity for colonizationConservation Final Study GuideLecture 161. Make sure you define the following types of species interactions: a. Mutualism: when both species benefitb. Competition: when neither species benefitsc. Predation, herbivory ,disease: when one species benefits and the other does not benefit (-). For herbivory, specialization is often important2. What is an indirect effect? Describe an example of a real indirect effect that was discussed in class (not cats and plants).a. An indirect effect is when one species affects another species through influencing another species that they both interact with. Whales eat the otters, which in turn eat the kelp. The kelp have an indirect effect on the whales. 3. Using the Channel Island fox situation, describe one example of the role of predation, one example of the role of competition, and one example of the role of an indirect effect in this conservation problem.All 3 together: native foxes and skunks in Cali islands (how islands were before Europeans showed up)but after Europeans little pigs showed up in the islands but they are a huge conservation problem. Eagles didn’t use to bother to go out to the islands that much because there wasn’t much prey. But once the pigs were introduced the eagle decided it was better to go so it brought the eagles to the islands that don’t just eat the pigs but also the foxes. The fox population dropped drastically and has been decreasingPredation: eagles on pigs and foxes. Competition: foxes and skunks. Indirect: pigs have a negative effect on the fox but the pigs support the eagles, which also eat the foxes. Indirect effect of eagles on mice. 4.Give an example of a species that is a specialist (explaining what it is a specialist on). Why might specialists be of more conservation concern than generalists?a. A specialist would be a monarch and it is a specialist on the milkweeds. They would be of more concern because generalists can eat absolutely anything. If the specialists diet goes extinct or becomes harder to find, then those specialists would have nothing to eat. In the example of the monarch, the monarchs are declining. Lecture 17 – guest lecture by Chuck Hess1.The red cockaded woodpecker was once common in the southeast, including Florida. It is now on the endangered species list. What has caused the woodpecker to decline?Logging companies were cutting down habitat and now they are having less offspring. Since they found out the trees they were using were sick, they were maintaining habitat but still producing less offspring. They need the sap from the tree to keep the snakes away. 2.Pine woods with a palmetto understory is common in Florida, but this is not the original state of Florida’s natural areas. What was the original (pre-European settlement) understory in Florida’s pine woods, why is palmetto considered to be of lower conservation value, and why is palmetto now so common?The fire regime isn’t right, instead of line grass filling in the palmetto is filling in. historically if the fire is done in the summer time, then different things will colonize it, but because we don’t want fires to spread they are typically done in the inter where the palmettos take over. Not important for conservation because they have different things growing in there. Woodpeckers prefer the original long leaf pine, not the palmetto shrubs. Palmetto takes over and prospers so it doesn’t leave room for biodiversity. 3.Why do red cockaded woodpeckers have to live in family groups?They have to be in family groups in order to build their nests in the long leaf pine. They do something unusual where the live in live trees that have sap which make it hard to make a cavity (takes longer to build than a lifetime).4.What happens to red cockaded woodpecker nests after the woodpeckers stop using them?After the woodpeckers leave, moths create chambers in the bark and once they leave, the ants use it. Other birds can use that nest to occupy it and potentially make it bigger.Lecture 181.What is the difference between a minimum viable population size and an ecologically functional population size? Why might it be better to use ecologically functional populations as a target for conservation than minimum viable populations?- Ecologically functional populations are populations large enough to maintain their important interactions with other species. The minimum viable population is when the animal reaches the minimum then it is doomed (everything else is perfect).stochasticity is evident. It would be better to use ecologically function populations because the minimum viable doesn’t have a impact on it.2. What is the difference between a dominant species and a keystone species?Dominant species have large effects because they are abundant or have large biomass. Keystone species have effects disproportionate to their abundance or biomass but still have a larger total effect. 3.The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) describes the diversity in a community as a function of what two rates? Draw the graph showing the equilibrium diversity as a function of these two rates (equilibrium is reached when colonization and extinction are equal).a. The rate of extinction and rate of colonization. 4. How is the ETIB similar to metapopulation theory? How is it different?a.