Adolescent Dev Fall12 Dr Dickson Lecture Review Questions Unit 2 1 How is it that Erikson s stages are both Universal and Culture Specific Universal same 8 stages for everyone culture specific values customs goals and nurturing styles influence how child will confront tasks at each stage 2 What does Erikson mean by crisis dilemma a task that the child has to confront 3 What does Erikson mean when he says that a successful resolution of a crisis is one characterized by balance child must have a little bit of both sides ie trust and distrust are both important avoiding danger freedom but control knowing your limits exploration and openness 4 What happens if a person does not resolve a crisis in a healthy way It affects later stages 5 Know Erikson s first 5 stages Trust v mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative v guilt industry v inferiority identity v role confusion TM AS IG II IR Tim murphy a singer is great in indigo irish rooms 6 What is an operational definition Definition that includes the specifics of how the variable is going to be measured 7 What does it mean for a measure to be valid Reliable Valid testing the right thing reliable getting consistent results 8 Know Marcia s 4 statuses and recognize examples Identity diffusion no clear commitments but not currently in crisis easily swayed by others committed to identity but did not consider alternatives usually has taken on the values of someone else searching for an identity and taking on different roles commitments are vague and change frequently Identity foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement thought about identity issues and has made commitments moratorium has been experienced in the past chosen commitments are important to them 9 What are the possible developmental pathways of identity statuses Where can t you go after having gone through moratorium and or achievement diffusion moratorium foreclosure diffusion foreclosure moratorium foreclosure diffusion Adolescent Dev Fall12 Dr Dickson moratorium achievement diffusion achievement achievement moratorium diffusion 10 What does intersex mean A variety of conditions that lead to atypical development of physical sex characteristics Can involve external genitals internal reproductive organs sex chromosomes sex related hormones 11 What is AIS how does it develop and what does it tell us about the idea that there are 2 sexes Androgen insensitivity syndrome genetically male androgen receptor gene on X malfunctions testosterone has no effect on body body develops female since it is not told to do otherwise however genes say that you are a male suggests that there are more than 2 sexes intersex 12 What are the characteristics of an alpha male cichlid fish brightly colored working gonads more testosterone territorial aggressive under constant threat 13 How does a male get to be an alpha male Fights the alpha male and wins 14 What is the order of events after a subordinate fish wins a fight with an alpha male 1 Neurons of hyptothalmic pulse generator shrink synapses disengage 2 testes shrink stop producing testosterone 3 loses bright colors 4 change in behavior 15 What does the cichlid fish have to do with our understanding of the determinants of sex maleness and femaleness Gives proof that interaction between genes and environment is bidirectional environment can also influence your genes 16 How is gender different than sex Sex biology Gender sociocultural 17 What are baby X studies and what do they tell us about gender roles and gender typing Adolescent Dev Fall12 Dr Dickson Videos of crying babies when babies are labeled as boy v girl the subjects differentiate between fear and anger says that girls are more likely to be comforted for fear and boys are more likely to be treated as if they are angry 18 Know the difference between the cognitive developmental theory of gender typing and the gender schema theory Cognitive developmental theory first child learns correct label for themselves boy v girl then they choose toys activities etc that are gender appropriate Gender schema theory first you create schemas for what is appropriate for boys v girls in perception of our world then you are motivated to behave in ways consistent with those schemas 19 How does the cognitive developmental theory stand up to research Gender constancy is achieved around seven years which is concurrent with piaget conservation of volume 20 What is stereotype threat Anxiety that your performance might confirm a negative stereotype about your group 21 What are some ways to reduce its influence Make gender less salient during testing Teach more about the ways boys and girls are similar Explain stereotype threat 22 How might biology play a role in the gender differences seen in spatial rotation abilities Parietal lobe greater surface area in men is correlated with better spatial rotation abilities 23 How did Feng Spence Pratt attempt to test the possibility that environment experience may play a role in spatial rotation abilities Gave subjects 10 spread out hours of video game action and then tested their spatial rotation abilities 24 What were the results of their experiment Nearly eliminated gender differences scores for both genders increased but females increased more than males 25 How can we use Scarr s Evocative rGE to explain how both heredity and environment are involved in the development of spatial rotation abilities Child behaves in a way consistent with their own heredity evoking a response from others which creates an environment This strengthens the child s original response parents buy boys legos more than girls 26 How about Scarr s Active rGE Child has genetic tendencies and then chooses environments that complement these tendencies boys like legos because they have a genetic predisposition to having strong spatial rotation skills 27 What are some of the reasons conducting research on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors is especially difficult Teens don t always tell the truth about their experiences parents don t want their children being asked these questions schools don t want you conducting these experiments through them since parents don t like it differences in terminology Adolescent Dev Fall12 Dr Dickson 28 What does social desirability have to do with validity If the subject doesn t think that the true answer is socially desirable aka admitting that they have or haven t had sex yet then they might lie 29 What were the major variables in the Armour Haynie study Age