EXAM ONE 1 2 3 4 The chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 The chemical equation for carbonic acid CO2 H2O H2CO3 An example of an adaptive radiation is the Cambrian Explosion of Life Precambrian 4 6 Ga 540 Ma a Hadean 4 6 Ga 3 8 Ga b Archean 3 8 Ga 2 5 Ga Origins of life in the form of Stromatolies cyanobacteria blue green algae an important contribution made by the organisms is the produc tion of oxygen These organisms feed by photosynthesis therefore earth oxy genated atmosphere was likely generated by colonies of these photosynthetic or ganisms living in the Archean c Proterozoic 2 5 Ga 540 Ma Phanerozoic 540 Ma now 5 a Paleozoic 540 Ma 250 Ma cambrian explosion of life i Early 500 Ma ii Late 360 251 Ma b Mesozoic 250 Ma 66 Ma c Cenozoic 66 Ma now i Paleocene ii Eocene iii 66 5 55 8 Ma 55 8 33 9 Ma Oligocene 33 9 23 Ma dense humid highly forested very wet and marshy terrains associated with flora dominance of swamp land fossil record looks at different types of planets and animals to understand what a green house would might look like palm fronds palm trees 6 feet high Miocene 2 6 0 stone tools 5 3 2 6 homo erectus Pleistocene Holocene 23 5 3 Ma arctic sheet when apes evolve iv v Pliocene vi vii Archean rocks are older than all other rocks except hadean rocks Banded iron formations are most commonly associated with precambrian rocks spiral galaxy that looks like it has a bar through its middle The Barred galaxy 10 000 years ago rise of cities and states bar running through the middle consists of stars Elliptical galaxy contain older stars and very little gas and dust They can be dif ferent shapes ranging from round to flattened elongated spheres 10 The Big Bang happened at approximately 14 Ga 6 7 8 9 11 Binominal nomenclature refers to the naming of species using both the genus and species leozoic boundary The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is CaCO3 A process that add CO2 to the atmosphere is called the calcium carbonate pump The cambrian explosion of life occurred during the most recent part of the pa Tiny forms of ocean life use calcium carbonate to manufacture their skeletons The cenozoic started at about 66 Ma Coccolithophores take CO2 out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis Mantle convection helps to drive plate tectonics The cascade range is an example of a continent to ocean convergent plate 20 21 East african rifting is an example of a divergent plate boundary The principle of fossil succession states that in a vertical sequence of rock layers the oldest fossils will be found on the bottom layers of the sequence and the youngest on the top We are living in the holocene Antarctic ice sheets first formed in the Miocene Oligocene was a period in earths history that was warm and humid The Pleistocene came after the Miocene The paleocene came before the Eocene Archean stromatolites are the remnants of single celled life that first evolved at 2 3 2 5 Ga Hinge portion of maximum curvature on a fold longest portion of the fold if the fold is in the shape of a U the hinge would be at the bottom if the shape is an upside down U the hinge is at the top Anticline arch like fold limbs dip away from the hinge upside down U Syncline Trough like fold limbs dip toward the hinge U shape Axial plane imaginary surface defined by connecting hinges of successively 32 Brittle discontinuous deformation describes the breaking of rock layers into a se nested folds ries of faults no longer have folds A galaxy is made up of numerous solar systems We are living in an inter glacial period warm period within ice age The hadean started at about 4 5 Ga The chemical formula of hematite is Fe2O3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 Traits that indicate a common ancestry are called homologous places them in similar classification groups to understand relationships homologous traits show sim ilarities in mammals for example The order that humans apes and monkeys belong to is called Primates The mesozoic era ended at about 66 Ma Mid ocean ridges are located at divergent plate boundaries tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth s surface between the two plates All mountain ranges incorporate individual mountains Nebulae that form from solar systems are thought to be mostly made of hydro gen than todays earth family tree The organic carbon pump is based on this reaction CO2 H2O CH2O O2 The paleocene eocene thermal maximum is a period of earth that was hotter The precambrian ended at about and the Phanerozoic began at about 540 Ma Pangaea separated at about 200 Ma Phylogeny classification systems that shows ancestors descendants and time 48 Taxonomy classification system based on a ranked hierarchy of categories family portrait can not see relatedness 49 Planetesimals incipient planets enveloping disk of dust and gas forms grains that collide and clump together into small chunks Proto planetary disk early stage of solar system formation Taconic oldest orogeny for the appalachians Acadian middle orogeny for the appalachians Alleghenian youngest orogeny for the appalachians Jovian gas or ice planets of our solar system Terrestrial rocky planets of our solar system Oldowan 2 5 Ma Acheulian 1 8 Ma African origins for Homo sapiens 150 Ka Last glacial maximum 18 Ka Holocene climate optimum 6 Ka Australopithecus small brained human ancestor that walked on two legs Homo erectus large brained human ancestor that colonized many parts of asia 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 and africa 63 Beringia humans used this area to first migrate from asia to north america 64 65 66 Clovis stone tools used by ancient North American peoples North america abyssal plain mid atlantic ridge abyssal plain Africa Two different types of convergent boundaries a Continent to oceanic convergency oceanic plate thats being sub ducted under neath a continental plate b Ocean to ocean convergency ocean plate thats being subducted and ocean plate that represents overriding plate same mechanisms in effect c continent to continent Both plates of equal density causing neither to be able to be subducted The point farthest away from the mid ocean ridge is older than the point that is 67 closer to the mid ocean ridge 68 The point closer to the mid ocean ridge is farther from a continental margin as compared to the point farthest away from the mid ocean ridge 69 The