Planet Earth Final The biosphere is composed of all organic components of Earth The hydrosphere is composed of the alpine and polar glaciers The lithosphere is the rocks and minerals of Earth The cryosphere is the ground water on Earth The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and oxygen The moon forms in the Hadean period Mammals evolve in the Cenozoic Modern humans evolve in the Cenozoic Dinosaurs evolve in the Mesozoic First life appears on Earth in the Archaen The Cambrian Explosion was the diversity of life that evolved just after 540 million years ago Phylogenies are classification schemes showing ancestors and descendants Classification schemes order life into groups based on similarities and differences Of the three parts of Earth mantle crust and core the thinnest layer is the crust Caffeine is not an inorganic molecule Humans belong to the order primate An adaptive radiation is the rapid evolution and geographic dispersal of taxa The ice covered regions of Earth collectively form the cryosphere Stromatolites provide fossil evidence of past blue green algae cyanobacteria that lived during the Archean Internal differentiation of planet Earth occurred in the Archean The impact hypothesis states that a mars sized body collided with Earth to produce the Moon Jovian planets include Jupiter and Saturn Terrestrial planets include Venus and Earth The big bang occurred at about 14Ga A nebula is a cloud of mostly gas The binomial nomenclature for our species is Homo Sapiens Planetesimals are the beginnings of planets Pangea was a supercontinent Anoxia means lack of oxygen The first element to form in the universe after the big bang was hydrogen The geological periods of Earth s history are defined by dates and presence absence Banded iron formations contain an abundance of the minerals magnetite and hermatite The most inclusive taxon is Kingdom Estrogen is organic The principal of fossil succession suggests that the fossils of the youngest forms of life would be found in the topmost rock layers A group of fossils from the same rock layer in this sequence would be a fossil assemblage The Precambrian started at about 5 billion years ago and consists of in order Hadean Archean and Proterozoic The phanerozoic era consists of in order Paleozoic Mesozoic and Cenozoic The Acadian Orogeny came before the Alleghanian Orogeney The asthenosphere includes the lower part of the upper mantle An example of oceanic mafic rock is basalt P waves are body waves that travel faster than s waves The two types of crust include oceanic and continental The focus of an earthquake is located deep within the Earth s surface Pressure and temperature are the two major factors of metamorphic rock formation Two types of felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite A volcano s flanks are located on the sides of the outside of the volcano The epicenter of an earthquake is located on the surface of the Earth Gabbro is a type of oceanic crust Granite is a type of continental crust Hawaii is an example of an intra plate volcano Lithosphere is the upper part of the upper mantle and the crust Olivine is mafic rock Feldspar is felsic rock Quartz is felsic rock Pyroxene is mafic rock Bowen Reaction series suggests that mafic minerals and rocks will form first from a cooling magma Fractional crystallization involves decreasing temperature elapsed time and the solidification of molten rock Metaconglomerate is formed by changes in pressure Minerals are not human made Rayleigh waves are surface waves Love waves are surface waves Continental rift is to continental drift as mid ocean ridge is to sea floor spreading Vents are rooted at magma chambers Molten rock below the surface of Earth is magma Molten rock above the surface of the Earth is lava Lava dome is not a characteristic of shield volcanoes You would expect to find a mid ocean ridge at a divergent plate boundary You would expect to find subduction at a convergent plate boundary Continent to continent collisions will generate metamorphic rock and orogeny Contact metamorphism is caused by changes in temperature Hornfel rock is generated by changes in temperature Rhyolite is a felsic rock Mantle rock is mostly periodotite A volcano that underwent a phreatomagmatic eruption is Krakatau Continental arc volcanoes are formed on a continental plate The rock that gets transformed into a metamorphic rock is called a protolith Lava dome is a characteristic of a strato volcano The order of the earths layers inside to outside inner core outer core lower mantle upper mantle crust Transform boundaries move past each other Anticlines are concave down like a rainbow Synclines are concave up like a U Normal boundaries move up and down past each other on a diagonal Tropical regions of Earth receive the most direct insolation Flooding happens when a channel s capacity to hold water is less than the amount of water being supplied to that channel One configuration for a Spring tide is when the moon sun and earth are all inline and the moon is between the earth and sun Walker Circulation in the south pacific involves higher altitude winds traveling east toward Peru and lower altitude winds traveling west toward Australia Sodium is the most abundant salt forming element in marine water One situation for the African monsoon is when northern hemisphere summer causes the northern part of the continent to heat up rapidly which creates low pressure that sucks in moist maritime air and generates rainfall over north Africa The continental margin is at the beach The continental shelf is the land right off the beach under the ocean The continental slope is the slope from the shelf to the sea floor The continental rise is between the slope and the abyssal plain The abyssal plain is the sea floor Edge of a cooler air mass replacing a warmer air mass is a cold front Unconfined flow of water that is wider than deeper is sheet flow Transition zone where a warm mass of air replaces a cold mass of air is a warm front Confined flow of water that is often deeper than wider is channel flow Relatively unconfined bodies of salty water with large surface areas are oceans Sinking air mass is high pressure Relatively confined bodies of salty water with small surface areas are seas Rising air mass is low pressure When there was lower sea levels there was lower CO2 concentrations When there was lower sea levels there was more polar ice When there was lower sea levels the global temperature was lower The part of the river with