BMGT 364 Session 3 Perception Perceptual Devices Agenda Perception exercise What is perception Perceptual devices and their functions Two Men Three Women on a Raft case Stereotypes their consequences Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 Class Exercise The Statements A well liked college professor had just completed making up the final examinations and had turned off the lights in the office Just then a tall dark broad figure appeared and demanded the examination The professor opened the drawer Everything in the drawer was picked up and the individual ran down the corridor The dean was notified immediately Please indicate whether each of the following statements is true false or impossible to determine 1 A tall figure demanded the examination 2 The examination was picked up by someone 3 A tall figure appeared before the lights in the office were turned off 4 The man who opened the drawer was the professor 5 The professor ran down the corridor 6 During the same night the dean was informed about the event Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 10 16 12 1 Human Perception What is It Perceptual Devices Selective Perception tendency to infer information which supports our viewpoints Perception is a process by which individuals organize their sensory inputs in order to give meaning to their environments Social Perception process of interpreting information about another person Depends on Characteristics of perceiver Characteristics of target Characteristics of situation can Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 On first sight are there any differences between these pictures Perceptual Devices Perceptual Devices First Impression Error Primacy Effect using limited information obtained in first encounter to infer what a person is really like Schema Scripts categorizations and descriptions of the characteristic features of people situations etc http www youtube com watch v nDOz0QnvDKs Self Fulfilling Prophecy Pygmalion Effect provoking the response we expect in other people Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 10 16 12 2 Perceptual Devices Perceptual Devices Projection False Consensus Effect assuming that our beliefs and values are commonly held and normative overestimation of commonality Halo Effect drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic Can be either positive or negative Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 Perceptual Devices Perceptual Devices Contrast Effect your evaluation of people is affected by comparisons with other recently encountered people Attributions explaining causes of behavior Self serving bias if failure situation responsible if success self responsible Differences between achievement failure oriented individuals Copyright 2012 http www youtube com watch v IhmKxa FMkU Copyright 2012 10 16 12 3 Perceptual Devices Mental Models Implicit generalizations simplifications or theories about the world people business environment customers organizations Powerful in influencing how we see decide act and thus conduct our behavior http www youtube com watch v 2h9HYS19H8E feature related Mental models can become problematic when Outdated no longer match reality Left unexamined cannot be openly examined Widely and or strongly held cannot examine alternative models Truth about Perception Good News Our environment is too complex for us to handle as it is Perceptual devices help us process information efficiently and generate responses promptly They enable and guide our judgment decisions and actions Senge P 1992 Mental models Planning Review 20 4 10 44 Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 Truth about Perception Bad News Our perceptions often fail to match reality Many decision failures in organizations simply come from the mismatch between decision makers perceived reality and actual reality Case Discussion Two Women Three Men on a Raft What is the story in this case about Why do you think the raft turned over Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 10 16 12 4 Case Discussion Cont d Stereotypes Now let s look at it from perceptual theory perspective What kind of perceptions stereotypes did people in the raft have in mind How did these perceptions affect their behaviors Is it obvious and explicit or subtle and implicit Generalizations about a group of people Improve efficiency of thinking Increase in strength when shared with and validated by others http www youtube com watch v kGAkgDXVanA Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 Discovering Stereotypes Discovering Stereotypes What have you heard about Italian Americans White Male African American Hispanics Latinos Older People Polish Women http www youtube com watch v SxqwXNfYmOQ How did you feel about the generalizations about the group you personally identified with What are your observations Are they positive or negative Do you agree Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 10 16 12 5 Stereotypes The Bad Can result in self fulfilling prophecy we become the stereotype Or can lead to a stereotype threat we put effort into acting opposite the stereotype Implications for OB People hold implicit generalizations about other people in organizations which in many cases are untrue exaggerated and mostly negative What could these two responses mean for today s organizations By doing this intentionally or unintentionally they exclude other people as well as precious possibilities and resources within them Copyright 2012 Copyright 2012 10 16 12 6
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