KSU BSCI 20021 - Fungal-Protozoan Pathogens

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Fungal-Protozoan Pathogens (final exam)Pathogenic FungiTypes of Disease (for classification)InfectionsSuperficialSubcutaneous below the skin, in the connective tissue areaDeep (systemic) becomes more serious the deeper it goes / fungi are in one or more organs within the human bodyIntoxications  ingesting a preform toxinFungal Pathogen ExamplesTineaa superficial infectionHistoplasma capsulatuma systemic/deep infectionErgotisman intoxicationTinea (most common) (pathogen)Caused by fungi known as dermatophytes(meaning skin)Pretty common in the soilWhen have dirt or debris, can isolate itFungus limited to the epidermis and hairCauses reddening and itching of the skinTinea pedis = atheletes foot Histoplasma capsulatum(pathogen)agent of histoplasmosis(name of disease) (Ohio valley fever)fungi common in soils worldwidefound in large numbers where there is high organic matter - bird and bat droppingsspores inhaledcauses an initial infection of the lungsmost persons with mild symptoms and recover without treatmenta few persons have symptoms requiring treatment Prevalence of Histoplasmosis  in our area of the USHistoplasmosisSevere form of the disease when fungi spreads to many tissues of the bodyControlpreventing birds from forming large roostswere protective mask when entering contaminated areasTreatmentAmphotercin B, itraconazole Fungal IntoxicationsErgotism (pathogen)Fungus = Claviceps purpurea(causes a disease in plants)Grows on ryeReleases several toxins known as ergot alkaloids ErgotismCNS – hallucinations, delirium, mania, formication(feels like ants are burrowing and crawling into your skin)Vascular – severe vasoconstriction of blood vessels gangrene of extremities Protozoan PathogensGenus PlasmodiumGenus ToxoplasmaGenus Cryptosporidium(do not need to know)Genus Giardia(do not need to know)Entamoeba histolytica (do not need to know)Genus Plasmodium(pathogen)(causes malaria)Apicomplexan group – all parasitesHuman malaria agents:P. falciparum(most virulent), P. vivax, P. ovaleComplex life cycleasexual and sexual reproduction stagesseveral morphologic formsIndirect transmissionbiologic vector = Anopheles mosquitoMalariaMajor cause of world wide morbidity and mortalityCauses some of the highest rates of infection in the planet~200 million cases/yr.~1-2 million deaths per year50% of morbidity are childrenonly one other single organism causes more morbidity and mortality - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Endemic Areas Malariaorganism not present in USAonly cases - travelersLife CycleAsexual Phase - takes place in humanseveral morphologic formsSporozoites (liver stage)merozoite (RBC stage)gametocytesSexual Phase - takes place in mosquitoLife CycleInfectied stage- sporozoiteFirst attacks the liver (the liver stage)Start to multiply in the liverGo through a round of asexual reproduction and produce a merozoites (lots of themLeave the lvier and attack the blood cells (red blood cell stage)Shows symptomsSlowly reproduce in the RBCsBreak out of RBC and infect more RBCsSome of the merozoites change into gametocytesGametocytes will eventually produce gametesParasites sucked up into the mosquito and then sexual reproduction occurs/ spreads it/ cycle occurs all over againMerozoites in RBCs- on a slide (clear circle, with dark marks on it/ dark mark=merozite)MalariaPathogenesisseverity of disease depends on species of Plasmodiumdisease due to merozoites disrupting RBCs rupture of the RBCsspleen and the liver try to take out and remove the defective RBCssigns and symptomsfever, fatigue, chills, malaiseHemolytic anemia(rupture of RBCS), rapid pulsespleen and liver enlargement/rupturepulmonary and cerebral complications MalariaDiagnosisblood smear(can see the merozoites on the RBCs) and symptomsTreatmentusually some derivative of quininechloroquine, mefloquine, primaquinePreventionno vaccine availableprophylaxis- preventative meddaily use of antimalarial drugs spraying around buildings with a pesticideGenus Toxoplasma(pathogen)Toxoplasma gondii – toxoplasmosis(disease)Apicomplexan(parasite)90% have come into contact with thiszoonotic diseasecats are primary host (entire life cycle occurs in cat)many other mammals and birds can become infectedmost persons have been infected - asymptomatic or flu-likeToxoplasmosis big agent that aids person can die fromhealth concernsimmunocompromisedpregnant women (damage to fetus)transmissioncontact with cat fecesingestion of undercooked meat Toxoplasmosis Cycle Disease tends to occur in the catOOcysts infective stage in the catCats ingest oocystFecal in plantsLivestock can pick up the oocystsWe eat the meatEffects usMain preventative- aimed towards pregnant womenDon’t cook raw meatHave someone else take out catsFungal-Protozoan Pathogens (final exam)Pathogenic Fungi- Types of Disease (for classification)o Infections Superficial Subcutaneous below the skin, in the connective tissue area  Deep (systemic) becomes more serious the deeper it goes / fungi arein one or more organs within the human body o Intoxications ingesting a preform toxin Fungal Pathogen Examples-Tinea o a superficial infection-Histoplasma capsulatum o a systemic/deep infection-Ergotismo an intoxicationTinea (most common) (pathogen) - Caused by fungi known as dermatophytes(meaning skin) o Pretty common in the soilo When have dirt or debris, can isolate it- Fungus limited to the epidermis and hair- Causes reddening and itching of the skin- Tinea pedis = atheletes footHistoplasma capsulatum(pathogen)- agent of histoplasmosis(name of disease) (Ohio valley fever)- fungi common in soils worldwide- found in large numbers where there is high organic matter - bird and bat droppings- spores inhaled- causes an initial infection of the lungs- most persons with mild symptoms and recover without treatment- a few persons have symptoms requiring treatment- Prevalence of Histoplasmosis in our area of the US Histoplasmosis- Severe form of the disease when fungi spreads to many tissues of the body- Controlo preventing birds from forming large roostso were protective mask when entering contaminated areas- Treatmento Amphotercin B, itraconazoleFungal Intoxications- Ergotism (pathogen)o Fungus = Claviceps purpurea(causes a disease in plants) o Grows on ryeo Releases several toxins known as ergot alkaloidsErgotism- CNS – hallucinations, delirium, mania, formication(feels like ants are burrowing and crawling into your skin) - Vascular – severe


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KSU BSCI 20021 - Fungal-Protozoan Pathogens

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