Idea 1 We are not located in the center of the universe Idea 2 We can predict the future Idea 3 Energy makes the universe go Idea 4 Heat gives direction to the universe Idea 5 There is a maximum speed limit 186 282 miles second Idea 6 Everything has a double nature A Particle nature B Wave nature Idea 7 Conservation laws Chapter 2 Scientific method and space 5 steps of the scientific method 1 define the problem 2 see if the problem has been solved before research 3 make a guess hypotheses 4 test each guess experiment 5 state answer and give percent of certainty Percent 1 100 January 11 2011 3 ingredients to bake a universe 1 space separates objects 2 time separates events 3 matter occupies space Space Degrees of freedom dimensions Finite can be measured Infinite can be measured Closed has roadblocks Open can walk forever 1 dimension A Length of string Closed finite B loop of string ends tied Open finite 2 dimension A Surface of a cylinder Open finite in 1 or 2 dimensions B surface of a sphere Open finite in 2 dimensions Units English Metric Inch Meter Foot Yard Mile Definition of meter One ten millionth distance between north pole and the equator 16507637321 wave lengths of orange krypton light Distance that light will travel in 1 299 792 458 Mass meter Units English Metric Slug 52 2lbs Kilogram on earth 2 2 lbs TIME Separates events Pendulum Galileo Around 1600 Size doesn t make any difference same amount of swings in same amount of time Atomic Clock most accurate Units of Time Day 1 rotation of earth on its axis not 24 hours Actually 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds Called a sidereal day Solar sun Day 24 hours day we go by time for sun to set around sky for one time True or false Difference between solar and sidereal day is due to earth orbiting the sun difference is 3 minutes and 56 minutes Week 7 days Month time for moon to orbit the earth once Year time for earth to orbit the sun 365 1 2 days Platonic year 25 800 years due to precession wobble of earth on its axis Jiffy 1 60 of a second Earth Third rock from the sun Circumference 25 000 miles Equator great circle Great circle any line that cuts a sphere into 2 equal halves Latitude parallel to equator 0 90 degrees Longitude perpendicular to equator 0 360 degrees 0 longitude prime meridian Location Greenwich England 180 longitude International Dateline Layers of the Earth Crust 20 miles thick Mainly light rocks Mantle 1800 miles thick Heavy rocks Core 2 layers 2100 miles thick Iron nickel Outer core 1300 miles Molten Inner core 800 miles Solid Layers of the atmosphere Troposphere 0 7 miles Most air All Weather Stratosphere 7 45 miles Air to thin to breathe Cold Ionosphere 45 200 miles Gases of charged particles Mirror for radio waves Zenith 2 coordinates 1 Observers sky local sky 2 celestial sphere Horizon Chapter 5 1 Azimuth heading tells which direction to look north 0 south 180 east 90 west 270 2 altitude tells how high to look 0 even with ground 90 overhead 3 limitations 1 Earth rotates 2 earth revolves around sun 3 objects move Geocentric Theory geo means earth Centric means center first suggested by Aristotle c 350 BC incorrect theory but useful in learning a more complex coordinate system of the sky 2 rules pertaining to Polaris 1 The altitude of Polaris your latitude of earth Zodiac 12 constellations Ecliptic path the sun follows through the Zodiac Heliocentric Theory Helio means sun Centric means center First suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus about the time Columbus discovered America 1492 Galileo 1608 Jupiter Nova of 1572 nova exploding star Proofs of Heliocentic Theory 1 Retrograde motion of planets 2 Parallax of nearby stars 3 Seasons 4 Aberration of starlight Copernicus 1473 1543 heliocentric theory Galileo 1564 1642 Brahe 1546 1601 royal Danish astronomer Kepler 1571 1630 laws of planetary motion Keplers 3 Laws 1 Planets go around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun off to one side 2 as a planet nears the sun it speeds it up and when it is father from the sun it slows down 3 the farther a planet is from the sun the longer it takes to orbit the sun January 29 2012 Chapter 9 Motion Motion 1 uniform velocity cruise control 2 relative velocity 3 accelerator Uniform velocity the change in an objects distance divided by the change in time Delta change in Relative velocity velocity of an object added to the velocity of a frame Simultaneous Motion when an object moves in 2 dimensions directions at the same time Frame box in which the object moves Chapter 10 Acceleration Acceleration the change in an objects velocity divided by the change in time A 2 ft sec 2 An object will gain 2 ft sec every second that goes by Galileo proposed all objects regardless of size fell at the same rate on earth a 32 ft sec 2 Terminal velocity Maximum velocity an object reaches in an atmosphere due to the friction of air atoms Inclined plane airtrack Demonstrates all objects regardless of size fall at the same rate Equation 4 Distance object moves while accelerating What s special Works for an object while accelerating from rest Acceleration slope of the line Distance area Calculus 1 differential slopes 2 interval area How far will object go in 6 seconds