Seven Ideas Study Guide 2 Acceleration the change in an object s velocity divided by the change in time 1 A delta V delta T ex a 2 ft sec squared as every second goes by the object will gain two feet per second in velocity 2 Acceleration due to gravity on earth 32 ft sec squared a Galileo all objects regardless of size fall at the same rate 3 Terminal Velocity maximum velocity an object reaches in the atmosphere due to friction of air atoms 4 delta D a delta T squared object is starting at rest Newton s Laws 1 No Force Law an object in motion will remain in motion an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force 2 Net force causes an object to accelerate a Net the amount of force remaining after you subtract forces in the opposite direction b The acceleration of an object decreases if the mass increases c The greater the force on an object the greater the acceleration d There is a greater pull of gravity on more massive objects e a F m F net force m mass f Friction 3 For every force of action there is an equal and opposite reaction 4 One mass x second mass distance between centers squared attracting force gravity between the two 5 Newton of force mass of kilogram accelerates at one m s squared To find how far something will go in an amount of time 1 a f m 2 delta d a delta t squared Circular Motion 1 3 Ways to Accelerate Go faster Go slower Go around a curve change directions 2 Centripetal Force a REAL FORCE that pushes INWARD in a curve If greater than centrifugal force electrons would fall out of orbit 3 Centrifugal Force a FALSO FORCE that pushes OUTWARD in a curve If greater than centripetal force electrons would fall into the nucleus of an atom Is the reason satellites are able to orbit Earth launched parallel to surface gravity accelerates One cannot exist without the other as each action has a reaction 4 Angular Momentum tendency for an object to continue in a circular motion Ang Momentum velocity x radius Ex if the moon moved farther from the earth its angular momentum would be slower Ex a hard boiled egg spins faster than a raw egg Ex bicycles Energy the ability to do work Work 1 Apply force to an object 2 Move object through a distance 3 Object must move in direction force is applied Work force x distance Units English foot pound Metric Newton meter Joule 1 newton meter of work Watt 1 Joule of work done in 1 second Horsepower 746 watts done in 1 second Erg dyne centimeter force of a dyne applied to an object moved 1 cm least amount of energy Power work time Forms of Energy 1 Kinetic energy of any moving object 1 2 mass x velocity squared 2 Potential stored energy due to position 3 Chemical Potential energy released during a chemical reaction ex gasoline fire rust dynamite 4 Particle Energy charged particles ex battery electricity Proton is 2000x mass of electron 5 Nuclear Energy most abundant in universe ex stars Conservation of Energy energy is neither created nor destroyed First Law of Thermodynamics Ex 2 million joules of potential energy 2 million joules of random kinetic energy Random kinetic energy heat sum of total random K E in a substance Increasing in the universe nuclear energy greatest contributor Hot little heat ex match flame Cold a lot of heat ex Atlantic Ocean Temperature how fast an atom moves Thermocouple a device that measures temperature using principle of product of electricity Heat increase amount of electricity produced increases Liquid Crystal can change color depending on temperature Sagging Solid bi metal strip shows expansion and contraction of materials Ex thermostat fire alarm Heat an object expands Cool an object contracts When water goes from liquid to solid it EXPANDS only at freezing point angle between hydrogen molecules expands when solid Fahrenheit Celsius Freezing Point 32 degrees Boiling Point 212 degrees 180 divisions in between Convert to Celsius C 5 9 F 32 Freezing Point 0 degrees Boiling Point 100 degrees 100 divisions in between Convert to Fahrenheit F 9 5 C 32 Absolute Zero F 460 degrees C 273 degrees 1 Substances lose resistance to electricity 2 Objects will take on a wave nature 3 Objects lose reflectivity theoretical Closest 360 degrees F Superconductivity materials with little no resistance to electricity Heat Scales 1 British Thermal Unit BTU English the amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1 degree F Ex 100 000 BTU furnace will produce 100 000 BTU hr 2 Large Calorie Metric the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree C 1 KCAL 4 BTUs of heat 1 takes 10 KCAL to heat digest 1 m m 3 Small Calorie amount of heat to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C 1 large calorie 1000 small calories 4 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 4 185 joules 1 large calorie 4 185 joules of energy 1 small calorie 5 Entropy amount of disorder Low organized High disorganized Ways to describe death of universe universe is gaining random K E increasing entropy 6 Specific Heat a number you can look up in a book a number that tells how many large calories you need to raise the temperature of kg of a substance 1 degree C Ex a baked potato takes more heat to raise its temp than a loaf of bread therefore it has a higher specific heat Metal has a lower specific heat than nonmetals Second Law of Thermodynamics heat will flow from higher to lower temperature unless outside energy is applied Examples of reversing heat pump air conditioner 3 Ways to Transfer Heat 1 Conduction transfer of heat by 1 atom hitting another domino effect Good Conductors metals copper aluminum gold silver Poor Conductors insulators nonmetals 2 Convection moving a liquid or gas over a material to be warmed or cooled Ex boiling liquids air above chimney cooling off something hot winds Hotter air more dense 3 Radiation transfer of heat energy by light waves Ex sun s direct warmth Light waves are not hot they carry energy Fastest 186 282 mi sec Cannot be stopped can be slowed by a mirrored surface 1 2 can be stopped by vacuum Phases of Matter 1 Solid atoms remain in place vibrating back and forth bonded 2 Liquid atoms roll over top of each other 3 Gas atoms far apart and free to move in space 4 Plasma ion hot cloud of gas containing atoms which lost one or more electrons ions Future rockets 5 Crushed electrons get pushed into nucleus Never done on Earth occurs in the collapse of the center of large stars Big Bang black holes Solid Gas Sublimation best example is CO2 Liquid Gas Evaporation Gas Liquid Condensation Pressure f area Air pressure at