7 Ideas Idea 1 We are not located at the center of the Universe Idea 2 We can predict the future Idea 3 Energy gives direction to the universe Idea 4 Heat gives direction to the universe Idea 6 Everything has a double nature 1 Particle Nature 2 Wave Nature Idea 7 Conservation Laws made by nature Idea 5 there is a maximum speed limit 182 282 miles second speed of light 5 steps of scientific method 1 define a problem 2 see if problem has been solved before 3 make guesses 4 test guesses 5 state answer and give percent of certainty 1 hardly ever happens 100 always happens 3 ingredients of the Universe Space separates objects Time Separates events Matter mass occupies space and has weight Space 3 degrees of freedom dimensions Finite can be measured Infinite can t be measured Closed has roadblocks Open goes on forever 1 dimension a length of string closed and finite b loop circle of string open and finite 2 dimension a surface of a cylinder open and finite in 1 or 2 dimensions b surface of a sphere open and finite Based on anatomy of human body Units ENGLISH Inch Foot Yard Mile METRIC Meter 39 37 inches Time Kilo 1 000 meters 1 10 000 000 of the distance between the North Pole and the equator Pendulum used by Galileo in 1600 s Experiment showed that the size of the arc made no difference in how long it took to make a full swing Most accurate clock in the world atomic clock in Fort Collins Colorado UNITS most based on time taken for celestial event to occur Sidereal day amount of time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis 23 hours 56 minutes 45 seconds Solar day 24 hours the day we use Time it takes for sun to get around the sky one time Difference between sidereal and solar due to Earth revolving around the sun 3 minutes and 56 seconds Week 7 days based on superstition Month time it takes for the moon to orbit the earth once Started as 13 months but changed d t superstition Year time it takes the Earth to orbit the sun once 365 days reason for leap year Platonic year 25 800 years due to the wobble procession of the earth on its axis Sun Sunday Moon Monday Mars Tuesday TUI Mercury Wednesday WODEN Jupiter Thursday THOR Venus Friday Saturn Saturday Results new north stars Jiffy 1 60 of a second Hour minute second MATTER UNITS The Earth No matter where in the universe mass remains the same Weight varies English SLUG 32 2 pounds on Earth Metric KILOGRAM 2 2 pounds on Earth Latitude lines imaginary lines running East West parallel 0 90 degrees Longitudinal lines imaginary lines running North South perpendicular 0 360 degrees 0 degrees latitude Prime Meridian located in Greenwich England Radius of the earth 4 000 miles Diameter of the Earth 8 000 miles Weightless center Earth Layers of the Earth Crust 20 miles thick light rocks Outermost Mantle 1800 miles thick heavy rocks Middle Core 2 100 miles thick Iron and Nickel Innermost Outer layer 1 300 miles molten rock Inner layer 800 miles solid rock Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere 0 7 miles contains most of the air we breathe most weather here Stratosphere 7 45 miles air too thin to breathe very cold feeling of warmth comes from the energy present Ionosphere 45 200 miles gases of charged particles mirror for radio waves Coordinates of the Sky 2 coordinate systems 1 Observer s sky local sky what you see 2 Celestial sky Observer s sky Azimuth tells which DIRECTION to look North 0 360degrees East 90 degrees South 180 degrees West 270 degrees Altitude how HIGH to look 0 degrees even with ground 90 degrees directly overhead 3 problems with observer s sky only works for your location 1 The Earth rotates 2 Earth orbits the sun 3 Objects move not stars Celestial Sphere Geocentric theory states that the Earth id the center of the universe Aristotle Incorrect theory but helped greatly in understanding coordinate system of the sky Rules to find the North Star 1 To know the altitude of Polaris know your latitude on Earth 2 As the Earth once each day Polaris does not appear to move in the sky Circumpolar start stars that do not rise set all start at the North Pole The Earth moves thru 12 constellations a year one for every month Ecliptic the path the sun follows thru the zodiac First day of spring vernal equinox equal hours of night and day March 21st First day of summer summer solstice sun is highest in the sky June 21st First day of fall autumnal equinox September 21st First day of winter sun lowest in the sky winter solstice December 21st Heliocentric theory suggest that the sun is at the center of the universe Copernicus Galileo philosopher who noticed that Jupiter had disks and moons Explained the phases of Venus Proof of Heliocentric Theory Retrograde motion of the planets illusion caused by one object passing by another Parallax of nearby stars Sideways motion Seasons Aberration of starlight Astrology based on beliefs Astronomy based on evidence Brahe Danish astronomer who gave his star chart and observations to Kepler Kepler heliocentrist who came up with laws of planetary motion and put numbers and math to physical observations Keplers 3 laws 1 Planets go around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun off to one side 2 As a planet gets closer to the sun it orbital speed increases and when farther away slows down 3 The farther a planet is from the sun the longer it takes for it to orbit the sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto VELOCITY V Delta d Delta T Uniform Velocity change in objects distance divided by change in time Relative Velocity velocity of an object added to the velocity of a frame Vr Vo Vf Simultaneous motions when an object moves in 2 or more directions dimensions at the same time Frame box in which the object moves ACCELERATION Speeding up OR slowing down of an object Acceleration the change in an objects velocity divided by the change in time a Delta V Delta T Units Foot Second 2 Galileo proposed that all objects no matter their size will fall at the same rate on Earth a 32 ft sec 2 Terminal Velocity maximum velocity an object reaches in the atmosphere due to the friction of atoms in the air Inclined plane Change in distance distance an object will move while accelerating from rest Delta d a Delta t 2 Velocity Time Graph things seen Acceleration slope and Distance area Isotropic property of space whenever an object moves in 2 dimensions simultaneously motion in one direction does not affect motion in the other for horizontal Force a push or a pull in nature there are 4 different forms 1