News MediaFunctions:1) Surveillance—monitor on behalf of others2) Watch Dog—protection/alert3) Interpretation/ Forum: discuss ideas4) Socialization: transmitions 5) Social utility: make our lives betterThe Rise of PrintJournalism—business or public service? (both!)Johannes Gutenberg—1450s (German)- Perfected a way of printing, but did not invent the printing press- Gutenberg press—composition material that allowed to make many impressions - Preservation: good lasting copies of documents - Won person of the millennium—communication- Johannes Fust—Gutenberg partner: put money in - Printed Gutenberg Bibles- 1455—Fust sued Gutenberg because he claimed he was printing other things and for more money- Fust won—Gutenberg goes out of business—business or public service? (Bible)America’s first newspaper: 1690 (East Coast) “Public occurrences”—BostonTrend: the person who gets there first does not always winFirst successful* newspaper: 1704 “The Bofton News-Letter” - All print—no pictures- Few headlines- Not very narrow—notebook size- Longer paragraphs- No competition—no dressing it up/attractiveness- Photography was not invented yet- Publishing by post-masters –in charge of government documents- Early stages of any medium-printers! –can use the equipmentTwo stages:1) Technicians—use technology2) Taken over by the artists- Weekly newspapers/not daily- 300 subscribers/sales- Europe already had newspapers (1700s)Benjamin FranklinFranklin’s magazine: 1741- 1741: English colonies—not USA- 1700s: no trains, no transportation- Benjamin Franklin ( Pennsylvania Gazette)- 1820s: Saturday evening post (successful)- Media changes—society changes; higher literacy ratesBenjamin Day—important hero in journalism- 23 year old printer when he changed journalism for all times- Created in NY “The New York Sun” (1833)- Motto: “it shines for all” –no photography- First: cheaper! Aimed at ordinary people- More availability—opinion to be shared- Supported by advertising- 1900s century of magazines—suburban (society richer)- 1800s century of newspapers—urban: easy distribution (growth)John Peter Zenger 1735 (Revolutionary period)- Advances freedom of the press by getting thrown in jail- German; he was a printer and a technician- Opposition to the government (federalist)- Other people wrote malicious stories and articles; Zenger was just a printer—arrested for printing- The Enlightenment: stimulated ideas and inventions—society gained knowledge through rational thought- New York Weekly Journal: his wife Anna Zenger helped him (while in jail)- Anna becomes one of the first female editors; nature of journalism- Newspapers—family run business- Pattern: (1700s –civil war) women become editors and journalists because they’reattached to a man- Andrew Hamilton: Zenger’s representative—admits that his client was guilty; not a bad move: maybe it was against the law, but the law is wrong Jury agrees with Hamilton- Earliest communication: Catholic Church (Word of mouth)- Zenger represents individual freedom in contrast to government power- Stamp Act—stamp on paperMargaret Draper (Margaret Green)- Massachusetts Gazette (The Bofton News-Letter in another form)- Against revolution/husband died, so she gets to edit the paper- In favor of British in a town where they wanted revolutionPhilip Freneau - The poet of the Revolution (in favor of revolution)Published many poems such as “The American Independence” and “Verses made at the Sea, in Heavy Gale”Revolutionary Period:- Prominence of opinion function- Thomas Paine—“Common Sense” (pamphlet)- Margaret Green Draper—MA Gazette- James Madison and the 1st amendment—Creation of 1st amendment during the American Revolution is the most important event in American journalism. Why? Because it sets the standard—FREEDOM OF SPEECH/PRESS- Revolutionary rise of individual at the power of monarch- 1800-1830s newspapers: political parties- Federalist paper: The Gazette of the United StatesBennett- The New York Herald, when the Sun rejected him from a job- Won special notice for its reporting on the murder of a prostitute- Bennett visited the scene of crime and interview the witnesses- He sent out correspondents to London and Paris to beat his competitors and organized fleet of news boats to be he 1st to get news from arriving ocean vessels.Horace Greeley- Independent penny paper, The New York Tribune- Straightedge and opinionated- Potential power of the press to represent the interests of the masses.- Understanding the power of hiring people for journalistic talent—Karl marx.(Margaret Fuller) Ossoli- Member of The Transcendental club- Greeley invited her to write literary criticism for the NY Tribune- She visited women at Sing Sing prison and the insane asylum- 250 essays in the Tribune- Wrote a book Women in the 19TH CenturyElijah Lovejoy- Martyr for liberty- Editor of The Alton St. Louis Observer- Moved to Illinois because it was a free state, the press was getting destroyed by mobs, he defended the press and was killed- Murdered by pro-slavery mobsJane Swisshelm- Women’s rights advocate- Wrote articles attacking capital punishment that were published anonymously in aPittsburgh newspaper- Pittsburg Saturday Visitor—newspaper- Greely respectfully recognized paper- First woman to ever sit in the press galleryFrederick Douglass - Wrote persuasive and powerful antislavery speeches that were printed in the NY Tribune as pamphlets - His own paper: The North Star—essays and poetry by black and white abolitionists- The North Star merged with a smaller antislavery paper called The Liberty Party Paper—renamed Frederick Douglass’s Paper- He bought a paper called The New Era and renamed it The New National Era- Became the 1st black appointee confirmed to office by the Senate Thomas Nast- German-born American caricaturist who is considered to be the Father of the American Cartoon.- NY Illustrated News—later switched to Harper’s Weekly- 1870—Series of cartoons that portrayed NYC as under Boss Tweed’s thumb, Tweed being the embodiment of political corruption- Tweed went too prison and the cartoons made Nast internationally famousNellie Bly- Represents the rise of aggressive reporter - Worked for Pulitzer’s NY World- Stunt girus—females/sexist: idea that reporters would go out and find stories- Pittsburgh—used pseudonym (Bly wasn’t her real name)- Most famous story: