Substance Related Addictive Disorders Chapter 12 Substance Use Disorders Substance Substance abuse Substance dependence New to the DSM V rating The combination of abuse and dependence into a single Substance Use Disorders Withdrawal Tolerance Substance use disorder Substance intoxication Disorders associated with specific substances 3 most significant grouping characteristic are race ethnicity Black or African American 10 7 Whites 9 1 Hispanic 8 1 Asian 3 5 Age 23 18 20 1 65 and older Between 2008 and 2010 increase for adults 50 to 59 from 4 3 to 7 3 Gender Female 6 8 Male 11 2 Figure 13 3 Effects of Drugs of Abuse on Dopamine Pathways Alcohol Figure 13 1 Current Binge and Heavy Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older by Age 2010 Alcohol Effects Immediate effects Sedating Central nervous system depressant Potentially fatal in excess Potentiation compounds these effects Alcohol Effects Long term effects Permanent brain damage Dementia Wernicke s disease Korsakoff s synodrome Harmful changes in the liver gastrointestinal system bone density muscles and immune system Theories and Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Biological Genetic factors Medications Naltrexone Disulfiram Acamprosate Theories and Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Psychological Dual process theory Alcohol myopia theory Treatment Cognitive behavioral interventions Motivational approaches Expectancy manipulation Relapse prevention Combined behavioral intervention CBI Theories and Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Sociocultural Family community cultural stressors Children of alcoholics at greater risk Substances Other Than Alcohol Stimulant Amphetamine Methamphetamine Cocaine Figure 13 5 Long term Effects of Methamphetamine on the Brain Figure 13 6 Cocaine in the Brain Cannabis Marijuana Hashish Table 13 3 Summary of Effects of Cannabis on Executive Functions Hallucinogens LSD Peyote Psilocybin PCP MDMA ecstasy MDMA Known as ecstasy A synthetic substance chemically similar to methamphetamine and mescaline Main neurotransmitter is serotonin Opioids Hydrocodone Oxycodone Morphine Codeine Heroin Sedatives Hypnotics Anxiolytics Sedatives have calming effects on the central nervous system Hypnotics induces sedation Anxiolytics are anti anxiety medications Sedating effects are due to the fact that they increase the levels of the neurotransmitter GABA which inhibits brain activity and therefore produces a calming effect Caffeine Found in coffee tea chocolate energy drinks diet pills and headache remedies Increases An individual s perceived level of energy alertness Blood pressure and may lead to increases in the body s production of cortisol Mixing caffeine and alcohol is dangerous Tobacco Nicotine Psychoactive substance found in cigarettes Stimulates the release of adrenaline norephinephrine Increases blood pressure heart rate and respiration Increases level of dopamine affecting the brain s rewards and pleasure center Inhalants Volatile solvents glue and lighter fluid Paint thinners or removers dry cleaning fluids gasoline Sprays that contain propellants and solvents Butane lighters and propane tanks ether and nitrous Aerosols Gases oxide Nitrites Sexual enhancers Theories and Treatment Biological Genetic abnormalities Opioid receptor on chromosome 1 OPRM1 Chromosome 15 in a cluster of nicotinic receptor subunits CHRNA 3 5 and 4 Catechol o methyltransferase COMT Theories and Treatment To prevent heroin relapse Methadone Buprenorphine Naltrexone Theories and Treatment Psychological Contingency management Biopsychosocial Perspective Useful for Understanding substance dependence Approaches to treatment Genetics Action of substances on the central nervous system