Exam 3 Study Guide Characteristics of Vitamins and Minerals in general i e vitamins are organic essential etc o Vitamins organic body cannot produce enough produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet carbon containing yield no energy needed in small amounts plant and animal foods supplements work equally well o Trace mineral vital to health that is required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg day o Major mineral required in amounts greater than 100 mg day Functions of Vitamins in general Vitamins as a whole o Facilitate energy yielding chemical reactions o Function as co enzymes o Normal function growth and maintenance of body Diseases conditions and environmental factors affecting bioavailability of the vitamins and minerals o Minerals presence of binders and fiber limit absorption animal products are better absorbed plants depend on mineral content of soil refinement lowers mineral content mineral mineral competition excess of one mineral decreases the absorption and metabolism of other minerals vitamins mineral competition when iron and vitamin C absorbed together more effective o B Vitamins water soluble so vitamin content is best preserved by light cooking methods such as stir frying steaming microwaving General Functions of all the Vitamins and Minerals covered in the text Chapter 8 and 9 A good review would be all similar tables to 9 3 and similar figures to 9 23 Chapter 8 has some of these same tables and figures Trace Minerals o Molybdenum Deficiency rare increased heart respiration rates night blindness mental Function aids in action of some enzymes confusion edema weakness coma Sources beans grains nuts o Manganese Function cofactor in carbohydrate metabolism role in bone formation component of superoxide dismutase No deficiency Toxicity in individuals working in manganese mines psychiatric abnormalities violence impaired muscle control Sources nuts oats beans tea o Chromium Deficiency high blood glucose after eating Function enhances insulin action Source egg yolks whole grains pork nuts mushrooms beer Toxicity caused by exposure in environmental waste sites lung and liver damage Function increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental caries Sources fluoridated water toothpaste tea seaweed dental treatments Deficiency increased risk of dental caries Toxicity stomach upset staining mottling of teeth bone pain Function aids in iron metabolism Sources liver cocoa beans nuts whole grains dried fruits Deficiency anemia low white blood cell count poor growth Toxicity vomiting nervous system disorders o Fluoride o Copper o Iodide Component of thyroid hormones Dietary sources iodized salt white bread saltwater fish dairy products Deficiency goiter mental retardation poor growth in infancy when mother is iodide deficient during pregnancy Toxicity inhibition of thyroid gland function o Selenium Readily absorbed Functions works together with vitamin E in antioxidant system Deficiency muscle pain muscle wasting weakness deterioration of heart muscle Sources meats eggs fish seafood whole grains Toxicity garlicky breath hair loss nausea vomiting weakness rashes cirrhosis of liver Functions Wound healing sexual development reproduction growth immunity insulin function DNA synthesis Dietary sources seafood meats greens whole grains Toxicity inhibits copper metabolism increases risk for prostate cancer causes diarrhea cramps nausea vomiting depresses immune function Function component of hemoglobin immune function cognitive development Dietary sources meats seafood broccoli peas bran enriched breads Deficiency fatigue anemia low blood hemoglobin Toxicity serious especially for children Hemochromatosis genetic disease iron deposit that can lead to organ damage diarrhea constipation death due to respiratory collapse o Zinc o Iron Major minerals o Sulfur Function part of vitamins and amino acids aids in drug detoxification acid base balance Dietary source protein foods o Magnesium Function bone formation aids enzyme function aids nerve and heart function Dietary sources wheat bran green vegetables nuts chocolate legumes Toxicity causes diarrhea and weakness in people with kidney failure Deficiency weakness muscle pain poor heart function o Phosphorus Dietary sources dairy processed foods fish soft drinks bakery products Function major ion of intracellular fluid bone and tooth strength meats Toxicity impairs bone health o Calcium orange juice o Chloride Function bone and tooth structure blood clotting muscle contractions Dietary sources dairy products canned fish leafy vegetables tofu Function negative ion on extracellular fluid acid production in stomach water balance Dietary sources table salt some vegetables processed foods o Potassium Toxicity linked to hypertension Major positive ion of intracellular fluid aids nerve impulse transmission Dietary sources spinach squash bananas orange juice milk meat water balance legumes whole grains Deficiency irregular heart beat loss of appetite muscle cramps o Sodium chips Fat Soluble Vitamins o Vitamin K Functions major positive ion of the extracellular fluid aids nerve impulse transmission water balance Dietary sources table salt processed foods condiments sauces soups Deficiency muscle cramps Toxicity contributes to hypertension increases calcium loss in urine Functions activation of blood clotting factors Dietary sources green vegetables liver some plant oils some calcium supplements Deficiency hemorrhage fractures Toxicity no upper level o Vitamin E Functions antioxidant prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids Dietary sources plant oils products made from plant oils some greens some fruits nuts and seeds fortified breakfast cereals Deficiency hemolysis of red blood cells nerve degeneration Toxicity muscle weakness headaches nausea inhibition of vitamin K metabolism o Vitamin D Dietary sources vitamin D fortified milk fortified breakfast cereals fish Functions increase absorption of calcium and phosphorus oils sardines salmon Deficiency rickets in children osteomalacia in adults Toxicity growth retardation kidney damage calcium deposits in soft tissue o Vitamin A Functions promote vision night and color promote growth prevent drying of skin and eyes promote resistance to bacterial infection and overall immune system function Dietary Sources Preformed Vitamin A liver fortified milk fortified breakfast cereals Provitamin A sweet potatoes spinach greens carrots cantaloupe apricots broccoli Deficiency night
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