Cytokines produced by immune system for communication between immune system cells 1 Chemokines a cytokine that attracts other immune system cells to site of damage bind to G protein linked receptors a All have a 4 cysteine motif near N terminus Interleukins cytokines between leukocytes IL 1 IL 2 2 3 Other cytokines regulate wound healing induce inflammatory response development of cells in bone marrow Is histamine a cytokine No All cells have the ability to produce histamine Histamine is derived from AA histidine by removal of amino group is NOT a cytokine Neutrophils Suicide bombers or phagocytic killers BOTH Release granules to kill microbes via oxygen radicals antimicrobial proteins lysozymes phagocytize them Lay NETs Neutrophil Extracellular Traps o Extrude DNA strands granules tag along destroy themselves and surrounding tissues 2 x 1011 neutrophils day 2 Types of Humoral Response 1 T Independent Humoral Immune Response left of supplemental Image 2 T Dependent Humoral Response right of supplemental image T Independent Antigens Polysaccharides Proteins on bacterial surfaces directly recognized by B cells Immune memory will not result T Dependent Antigens Intracellular Antigens Involves many more steps Involves TH Cells T helper cells Results in immune memory T Cells T cell receptors are glycoproteins Bind to antigens and MHC molecules T cell recptors bind to a PIECE of the antigen presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex Presenting Cell Antigen MHC Class T Cell Type T Cell Surface Type Presented Any Cell 1 Macrophage 2 B Cell 3 Dendritic Cell Intracellular Protein Fragment Extracellular Protein Fragment Class I AM Cytotoxic Class II FM Helper CD4 FM Protein Recptor CD8 AM Interleukin I Lymphocyte Activating Factor Cytokine released by macrophage Stimulates TH to produce IL II Interleukin II T Cell Growth Factor Produced by TH Cells Stimulates o Growth and division of TH positive feedback o T and B cells to make memory cells o TC cells to proliferate o Natural killer cells to proliferate o Increase phagocytic activity of macrophages B and T Cells Working Together TH stimulates TC and B cells Cooperation of Non specific and Specific Immune Responses 1 Antigen Presenting WBC s a Shows things to the T cells 2 Complement Proteins 3 Interleukins Immune Responses in Medicine and research Vaccines tech immune system by giving it a dead or attenuated pathogen to practice on virus or bacteria Antibody Typing blood type ABO Rh factor o Absence of A and B antigens you are O blood type universal donor o AB blood type universal recipient o Rh does not develop memory cells o Mother Fetus 1 Fetus 2 Fetus 3 Case 1 Rh Rh Rh Rh Case 2 Rh Rh Rh Rh Case 3 Rh Rh Rh Rh Monoclonal Antibody Single type of antibody mass produced in cell culture Used in assays experiments and medical diagnostics o When things go wrong Autoimmune Diseases Systemic Lupus Erythematosis overactive B cells Multiple Sclerosis immune cells attack myelin Rheumatoid Arthritis T cell response won t shut down Immune Deficiency Disorders HIV AIDS attack macrophages TH cells dendritic cells Replicates in TH cells and spreads though immune system Severe Combined Immunodeficiency SCID T cells B cells inactive or absent Allergies Two Stages o Sensitization o Later Exposures Evolution of the Immune Response Bacteria use restriction enzymes to cut up foreign DNA Invertebrates Amoeboid phagocytic cells attack foreign cells without self markers on surface o Complement Proteins Equivalent o Lymphocyte precursor proPO o Antibody precursors lectins Vertebrates o Several lines of defense T cells B cells antibodies etc
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