EXAM 2 READING GUIDE (NOTE: for the exam you will need to know material we cover in class that is not included in this guide)Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality (BBC TV: The Office) Role Taking, Role Making, and the Coordination of Action (125-146)1. What are relationships? What does “fitting lines of action” mean? How can relationships be asymmetrical? Relationships are associations that consist of shared expectations about identities, values, meanings, goals, and roles. “Fitting lines of action” is a continual process of adjusting behavior according to others’ actions. They can be asymmetrical by disproportionately imposing will on others by setting conditions, making decisions, and shaping form and course of relationship.2. What is Power and how do people exercise it? (know processes (e.g., “constraints) and sub-processes (e.g, “punishments”)Power is the capacity to get other people to think, feel, or act the way you want them to regardless of their desires. People can exercise power through the importance of dependency (one has what other needs; lack of alternatives), constraints (punishments, coercion, withholding privileges), inducements (money, status, freedom), persuasion (symbolic mobilization-create proper image, appeal to commitment or loyalty, signifying authority; information control- surveillance, disclosing information), gestures of dominance (staring, pointing, invading space, interrupting), and altercasting (casting others in roles to occupy). 3. What is the definition of the situation? Do people always share it? Why or why not? How is the definition of the situation reciprocally linked to social interaction and social roles? The definition of the situation answers the question: “what is going on?” Agreements about what is going on in a given situation. It shapes interactions, can be ambiguous, contain possible disagreement, and it has a reciprocal relationship with roles. It is through our observations and interaction with others thatwe come up with a definition of a certain situation. 4. What is role performance? Role embracement? Role distance? Role performance is displaying behavior that embodies the expectations of that role (ex. Student taking notes in the classroom; student pretending to pay attention). Role embracementis the act of openly accepting that role and its expectations (ex. Student actively participating in class). Role distance is the act of actively avoiding a particular role (ex. Student pretending he doesn’t care about school yet makes good grades).5. How are social roles linked to people’s actions? How are roles influenced by social hierarchies? Social roles are the part people play as members of a social group. With each social role you adopt, your behavior changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role. Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality (BBC TV: The Office) Role Taking, Role Making, and the Coordination of Action (125-146)1. What is role taking? How does it help us understand how others define the situation? What shapes one’s skill and accuracy in role taking? How is role taking linked to social hierarchy (or, power, more generally)? Role taking is the act of looking at ourselves and our actions from another person’s standpoint. It helps us guess how others define a situation by answering the question: “what is going on?” It also shapes interactions. Three factors shape role taking: our social experiences, social types, and the degree of familiarity we have with the other individual. Therefore, we can take on other roles more accurately when we are more similar to them in social statuses and backgrounds. 2. What is role making? How is role making related to taking the perspective of others, others’ performances, and role exits? Role making is the process through which we improvise some features of our behavior in response to others’ behavior. It often arises due to role conflicts and it occurs during role exists. 3. What is the difference between motivations and motives? A vocabulary of motive and accounts? What are 2 types of accounts?Motivations are alleged internal drives; Motives are public explanations we give for our behavior. Vocabulary of motive: phrases, rhetorics, or discourses people use or draw from to provide “legitimate” explanations for their actions. Accounts:Post hoc explanations of inappropriate or questionable acts; two types: excuses (admit behavior but deny responsibility) and justifications (accept responsibility but suggests that it should not be seen as improper). 4. How are definition of situation and emotions linked? What are feeling rules? What is emotion work? What are two types of emotion work? Every definition of the situation includes emotional expectations and ideas that set the tone for interaction. Feeling Rules are emotional expectations that display guidelines for interaction and consist of understandings about what kinds of emotions are acceptable or desirable, who is entitled to feel and express them, and what forms of expression and displays are permissible. Emotion work is the process of evoking, suppressing, and otherwise managing our feelings. The two types of emotion work are surface acting (“act the part”) and deep acting (the efforts we engage to suppress or evoke certain feelings). Schwalbe, Michael, Sandra Godwin, Daphne Holden, Douglas Schrock, Shealy Thompson, and Michele Wolkomir. 2000. “Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality: An Interactionist Analysis.” Social Forces 79:419-452.1. How did Schwalbe et al. analyze the data? In what way is the analysis generalizable? Used qualitative studies dealing with inequality as data and asked of them, “of what more abstract category of phenomena is this an instance?” It is generalizable across different social settings.2. How does this paper make a contribution to the study of social inequality? It uncovers the generic interactional processes through which inequality is reproduced. 3. What are the four basic processes of inequality reproduction?1.) Othering: Defining other groups as inferior-Oppressive othering-Implicit othering by creating powerful virtual selves.-Defensive othering among subordinates.2.) Subordinate Adaptation: Accepting and/or adapting to one’s subordination.-Trading power for patronage-Forming alternative subcultures-Hustling or dropping out3.) Boundary Maintenance: Maintaining boundaries between the