Reconstruction Era- Wartime reconstruction (1865) : Lincoln advocated a 10% plan to bring south back into the union- Congressional Reconstruction : Freedman’s Bureau, assisted southern states in transition from slavery to freedom - 14th amendment – BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP, JOHN HENRY: railroad laborer; steel press - Andrew Johnson on verge of impeachment, peak black participation - Sharecropping – white landowners manipulated contracts - “Redeemers” ; rich white business owners and southern democrats Contested West- Transcontinental railroad – completed in 1869- Chinese exclusion act 1882 – the Chinese were excluded and replaced by the Japanese - Homestead act 1862 – any American could settle on a home out west for at least 5 years and keep it for free- Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 – gold rushers conflicted with Sioux and Cheyenne nations- Dawes Act 1887 – divided up reservations and parts of land to native peoples- Jorgensen’s – danish Americans that moved to Montana due to homestead actThe Gilded Age - Jay Gould; RR/stock market, Andrew Carnegie; steel, Rockefeller; oil, JP Morgan; banking- Carnegie – “Vertical trust”=when a single company owns everything in the production process- Rockefeller-“ Horizontal integration”= system where a company fully controls one of the production processes- Laissez-faire gov; hands off government … Social Darwinism ; the richest will survive - Sherman Antitrust act ; outlawed trusts that restricted trades between states and counties - Knights of labor ; 1st mass organization of working class; demanded public ownership of RRFarmers, Populism, and Emerging Progressivism- Panic of 1893 ; everyone buying shares, businesses failing- People’s Party “Populists” ; farmers and laborers fear income tax and limited land - William Jennings Bryan (populist party)- William Mckinely ; “front porch campaign”- Progressivism – reform movement advocating gov. activism to mitigate the problems created by industrialism… belief that gov. has opinion in industry - National American Woman Suffragist Association ; Carrie Chapman Catt(president) Progressivism and War - McKinley beat Bryan in 1900 but was assassinated in 1901, Teddy Roosevelt stepped in instead (BULL MOOSE PARTY)- Sqaure Deal; fair playing field for workers, gov. should regulate economy- Muckraking ; the use of media to expose political and industrial corruption - Woodrow Wilson wins election of 1912, established 16th amendment; income tax & 17th amendment; direct election of senators - Federal Reserve system 1913- gave government more power over banks- Wartime Legislation – Selective service act , espionage act ( prevent aid to enemy), sedition act(illegal to criticize gov.)- American Expeditionary Force – fresh U.S. troops, very efficient and badass- Central powers=Germany, Austria – Hungary, and Italy… allied powers = great Britain, Russia, FranceA New Era and A New Deal - First Red Scare – Attorney General Mitchell Palmer arrested alleged communists- Warren Harding won election in 1920, dies 1923, Calvin Coolidge comes behind Harding - Welfare Capitalism – improved safety and sanitation in factories- Coolidge’s America – prohibition, speakeasies, spread of crime - Blacks moved north because of job growth and destruction of cotton- Herbert Hoover 1928 , hated by society, “Hooverville” = nasty communities, president during depression- Franklin Roosevelt, loved by the working class, built the “New Deal”, recovery, relief, and reform- National Recovery Administration (NRA)- promoted industrial recovery, AAA – addressed agricultural surplus issue, paid farmers to not grow crop, Social Security; 1st system of old age pension, Wagner Act; industrial workers could now unionize, The Fair Labor Standards Act ; minimum wage, 40hr week, prevent child labor- FDR creates modern presidency- FDR saved capitalism- FDR DID NOT stop the depression, just