Study Guide Exam I Chapter s 2 6 8 and 9 Chapter 2 The Chemical Basis of Life Elements and compounds 1 Distinguish between an element and a compound 2 Identify the four elements that make up 96 of living matter Atoms and molecules 3 Draw and label a simplified model of an atom Explain how this model misrepresents our understanding of atomic structure 4 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms a Neutron and proton b Atomic number and mass number c Atomic weight and mass number 5 Explain how the atomic number and mass number of an atom can be used to determine the number of neutrons 6 Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar Explain how they are different 7 What is the significance of an atoms valence in the construction of molecules and compounds Electron distribution and chemical properties 8 Define electronegativity 9 Distinguish between nonpolar covalent polar covalent and ionic bonds 10 Explain why strong covalent bonds and weak bonds are both essential in living organisms 11 Explain how you would make up a one molar 1M solution of ethyl alcohol The Properties of Water 12 With the use of a diagram or diagrams explain why water molecules are a polar b capable of hydrogen bonding with 4 neighboring water molecules 13 List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding 14 Define cohesion and adhesion Explain how water s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a tree 15 Distinguish between heat and temperature using examples to clarify your definitions 16 Explain the following observations by referring to the properties of water Coastal areas have milder climates than adjacent inland areas Ocean temperatures fluctuate much less than temperatures on land Insects like water striders can walk on the surface of a pond without breaking the surface If you slightly overfill a water glass the water will form a convex surface above the top of the glass If you place a paper towel so that it touches spilled water the towel will draw in the water Ice floats on water Humans sweat and dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days Acid Base Reactions solution 17 Name the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water 18 Define acid base and pH 19 Explain how acids and bases may directly or indirectly alter the hydrogen ion concentration of a 20 What is a buffer In your explanation use as a model acetic acid and acetate in solution Metabolism Energy and Life 21 Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism 22 Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy 23 Distinguish between an isolated and an open system Explain why an organism is considered an open system 24 Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own words 25 Explain why highly ordered living organisms do not violate the second law of thermodynamics 26 Write and define each component of the equation for Gibbs free energy change 27 Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy change 28 Explain why metabolic disequilibrium is one of the defining features of life The Importance of Carbon 29 Explain how carbon s electron configuration explains its ability to form large complex and diverse organic molecules 30 Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules Functional Groups 31 Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules Describe the basic structure of each functional group and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur Chapter 3 Protein Structure and Function Proteins have Many Structures Resulting in a Wide Range of Functions 1 Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide 2 Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids 3 List and describe the four major components of an amino acid Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group 4 Explain what determines protein structure and why it is important 5 Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined 6 Name two types of secondary protein structure Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure 7 Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure 8 List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured 9 Explain how molecular chaperones may assist in proper folding of proteins Protein Enzymes Regulate Metabolic Pathways 10 Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems 11 Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous reaction 12 Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy 13 Explain how enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity 14 Explain the induced fit model of enzyme function What is a cofactor Regulation of Enzyme Activity 15 Distinguish between competitive and non competitive or allosteric inhibition 16 Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction 17 Explain how temperature pH cofactors and enzyme inhibitors can affect enzyme activity Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary Information 1 List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid 2 Distinguish between a pyrimidine and purine b nucleotide and nucleoside c ribose and deoxyribose d 5 end and 3 end of a nucleotide 3 Briefly describe the three dimensional structure of DNA 4 The Double Helix contains antiparallel strands of DNA What does antiparallel mean in this context 5 Compare and contrast the structure of DNA vs RNA 6 Why is RNA so versatile Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material 1 Distinguish between monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides Give examples of each 2 Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage 3 Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose Explain why the difference is biologically important 4 What are the roles of Carbohydrates as structural molecules Chapter 6 Lipids Membranes and the First Cells Lipids are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules 1 Describe the building block molecules structure and biological importance of fats phospholipids and steroids 2 Identify an ester linkage and describe how