CHEM 261 Exam 1 Study Sheet Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding Know basic structures of atoms and orbitals, and ground-state electron configurations of atoms and ions Be able to assign valence electrons, use the ‘octet rule’, and recognize appropriate Lewis dot structures. Be familiar with valence bond theory, including hybrid orbitals and identification of hybridization states, sigma and pi bonds, geometry and bond angles Chapter 2: Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Understand the relationship between electronegativity and bond types Be familiar with assignments of dipole moments, and recognition of net dipole moments in molecules Be able to identify the nature of IMF’s (H-bonding, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion forces) in a substance Know how to calculate formal charge Understand the significance of and be able to draw/recognize resonance structures Know what Bronsted‐Lowry acids/bases, Lewis acids/bases are and do, know the relation between pKa and strength of the acid and its CB Know how to assess pKa’s based on structures (i.e. electronegativity, resonance, and hybridization), and determine where equilibria lie for acid/base reactions Chapter 3: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry Know and recognize the following functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, arenes, alcohol, ether, amine, amide, nitrile, thiol, thioether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, acid chloride Know the names of alkanes from methane (n=1) to octane (n=8), and be able to name and recognize structures of branched and linear alkanes Be able to identify 1o, 2o, 3o, and 4o carbons and hydrogens Be able to draw/interpret Newman projections, and identify stability, calculate strain energy and identity (i.e. eclipsed/gauche/etc.) of confirmations of alkanes Chapter 4: Cycloalkanes and their Stereochemistry Understand/identify angle and torsion strain present in cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane Be able to name cycloalkanes and identify cis‐trans isomers Understand the structure of cyclohexane chair conformation Understand stability of substituted cyclohexanes and relative 1,3‐diaxial strains of F/Cl/Br, OH, methyl, ethyl, tert‐butyl groups (not actual
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