SCOM 1000 – Human CommunicationExam #2 Study GuideChapter 6Know the six Provisions of Relationships1. Attachment-the emotional bond we have with others that gives us a sense of security.2. Reassurance of worth-we need to know that people see us as competent and of value.3. Guidance-everyone, at least sometimes, needs advice and information, and who better to get it from than people we know and trust.4. Reliable alliance-we need to know we’re not alone, that there are people we can trust to provide help when we need it.5. Social integration-we want to know that there are people who share our values and interests and who enjoy our company.6. Opportunity to provide nurturance- we need to be needed.Know the following definitions:Dyad: Two people communicating interpersonally. Self-Disclosure: Intentional revelation of information about oneself.Know the following theories:Uncertainty Reduction Theory: The idea that we use communication to predict and explain the behavior of others in the initial stages of a relationship.Social Penetration Theory: Relationships move from initial interaction to greater stability through interpersonal communication. Relationships generally develop systematically and predictably from the non-intimate to the intimate.Social Exchange Theory: People evaluate relationships in a more-or-less rational manner to ensure maximum rewards and minimal costs. To assess the value of their relationships, they undertake an economics-like cost-benefit analysis. Relational Dialectics Theory: Meaning making between relationship partners emerges from the interplayof competing discourses. Know the 5 conflict Management Styles- Integrating style-Conflict resolution style showing high concern for others as well as for one's self.- Obliging style-Conflict resolution style showing little concern for self-interest and greater concern for the interests of others.- Dominating style-Conflict resolution style showing a higher regard for one’s own interests than those of the other.- Avoiding style-Conflict resolution style showing low concern for the self and for another.- Compromising style-Conflict resolution style showing moderate concern for self-interest and forthe interests of another.Chapter 7Know the four common elements of groupsKnow the five Stages of Group DevelopmentKnow the three Styles of LeadershipKnow the Forms of PowerChapter 8Know the 3 Types and Movements of Organizational Messages1. Upward- A message from a subordinate to a superior or boss is an upward message because it issent from someone in a lower-ranked position to someone in a higher-ranked position. (EX: letters of resignation, requests for pay raises)2. Downward- Message moves from boss to subordinate, higher rank to lower rank. (EX: notices of termination, policy changes, notifications of new hires)3. Horizontally- Message is one exchanged between colleagues, usually those who share the same rank or position. (EX: Informal, less structured communication)Know what it means to have an Open vs. Closed System of an organizationOpen system: A system whose components continuously interact not only with one another, but with the environment outside the system. -Policies, protocols affected by bureacracyClosed system: A system whose components communicate solely with one another. Know the definition of Organizational Culture and Organizational ClimateOrganizational culture: The pattern of shared basic assumptions or inferences that members learn from the organization’s stories, myths, traditions, and everyday experiences and observed behaviors. The organization’s culture sets its norms, values, and beliefs. Organizational climate: The meaning employees attach to the policies, practices, and procedures they experience, and the behaviors they observe being rewarded, supported, and expected. Climate tends to be communicated down and then throughout the organization.Chapter 9Know the following definitions:Intercultural Communication: Interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems differ enough to influence the communication event.Ethnocentrism: Belief that one’s own culture is the best.Know the difference between Prejudice and Discrimination-Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a group based on little or no experience.-Discrimination: Overtly excluding, avoiding, or distancing oneself from another group.Know Hofstede’s four Value Dimensions1. Collectivism vs. Individualist- People in individualist cultures tend to value the goals, needs, and rights of the individual. Collective cultures value the goals, responsibilities, and obligations of the group.2. Power Distance- Refers to how people in a given culture deal with matters of status and hierarchy. HIGH power-distance cultures accept power differences as part of society (EX: Mexico). LOW power-distance cultures find inequality troubling (EX: Canada, Sweden, Ireland, USA)3. Uncertainty Avoidance- The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations. HIGH uncertainty avoidance cultures are uncomfortable withunpredictability and ambiguity (resistance to change, rejection of the new or deviant). LOW uncertainty avoidance cultures accept, maybe even relish, life’s uncertainty (tolerant of new anddifferent/willing to take risks)4. Masculinity vs Femininity- Masculine cultures have clearly defined sex roles and exhibit and encourage “male” characteristics such as assertiveness, competitiveness, wealth, hierarchy, and ambition. Men are dominant gender (EX: Japan, Austria, Italy, USA). Feminine cultures tend to be more nurturing, empathetic, and compassionate. There is more flexibility in gender roles (EX:Scandinavian countries)Chapter 10Know the following definitions:Convergence: The erosion of traditional distinctions among media.Third Person EffectProduct Placement: When ads are placed in and become part of media content. Brand Entertainment: Content developed around a specific brand. EX: “Polar Bears” was created around coke. Ambient Advertising: Placing ads in otherwise natural or nontraditional settings EX: logosSynergy: When different companies team up to sell one product.Know the following theories of Mass Communication:Cultivation Effect (and Mean World Syndrome)Social Cognitive TheoryCritical Cultural TheorySocial Responsibility TheoryChapter 11Know the definition of Media Literacy and the Theory of Agenda