ATOC Exam 2- Dry adiabatic lapse rate- how the temperature of dry air changes as it rises in the atmosphere, without adding/subtracting heat or mass from air- Moist adiabatic lapse rate- how the temperature of moist air changes as it rises in the atmosphere, without adding/subtracting heat or mass from air- Latent heat- heat that is used or released when water changes phase- Coriolis effect deflects moving air the right in the NH and to the left in the SH- Pressure gradient force points from high to low pressure- Ekman transport deflects water to the right in the NH, left in the SH of the surface wind- El Nino is the warm phase of ENSO- La Nina is the cold phase of ENSO- Convergence of water that surface leads to downwelling, high pressure at depth, and increased sea level height - Divergence of water at the lead to upwelling, low pressure at depth, and decreased sea level height- The ozone hole is located in the Stratosphere above Antarctica- Isopycnic- lines of constant density- Where the two Hadley cells meet, air rises leading to condensation and cloud formation thus wetter climates- Where the Hadley Cell and the Ferrell Cell meet, air sinks, leading to evaporation of clouds and drier climates- Troposphere- section of atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth- Photosynthesis- plants use sunlight to take up CO2, produce energy (CH2O), and releaseO2o Carbon dioxide is taken in with water and sunlight to create energy and oxygen isreleased- Respiration- energy and O2 are used and CO2 is released- Biological pump- carbon transported to the deep ocean- Sediment formation, creation of fossil fuel, volcanic release, and weathering are examples of slow carbon cycle processes- Sediment and rocks and the deep ocean are the largest reservoirs of carbon- Halocline- large salt gradient over small depth range- Ozone hole and CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons) emitted by humans are breaking down the stratospheric ozone- What is the difference between good stratospheric ozone and bad troposphere ozone?o Ozone is not good for us to breathe when it is lower in the atmosphere it is bad but up higher in the atmosphere it reflects harmful UV rays and is good- There is poleward heat transport because the radiation imbalance causing atmospheric circulation- Density decreased of air density if temperature rises- Hadley Cell- the atmospheric circulation cell that goes from the equator to 30 degrees both in the NH and SH. Air rises at the equator and falls at 30 degree- Evaporation and condensation- water changes phase from liquid to vapor- Evaporation uses energy and lowers the temperature of the surrounding air- Air cools when it rises because adiabatic expansion- Hadley Cell is the location of the tropical rain belt and deserts and of the saltiest ocean regions because rising air at the equator leads to greater precipitation, and the falling airaround 30 degrees leads to dry conditions which leads to evaporation over the ocean- Surface circulations are driven by the winds - Deep ocean currents are driven by density differences (thermohaline circulation)- Warm, fresh water is the least dense - Cold, salty water is the densest- Ocean heat content has risen more than the heat constant of the atmosphere- Ekman transport- water motion created by winds on the ocean surface- El Nino- costal upwelling and pacific trade winds are reduced- La Nina- coastal upwelling and Pacific trade winds are enhanced- Monsoons- areas of deep atmospheric convection causing strong storm systemso Land must be heating faster than ocean to form- 300 million years to create fossil fuels- Cold water takes up more CO2 from the atmosphere- Main reservoir of the carbon cycle- sediments and rocks along with the deep