Learning objective 3.5.1: Use box-and-arrow models and graphs to demonstrate the differences between naïve T cells and effector T cells.MMG 451 – Spring 2021Unit 3 – Adaptive Immunity: T cellsHomework 3.5 – Due 03-30-20 before 3:00 PMLearning objective 3.5.1: Use box-and-arrow models and graphs to demonstrate the differences between naïve T cells and effector T cells.- Read section 8-9 (please note that Figure 8.14 seems to have several mistakes, see the posted versionof the figure from the new edition of the textbook on D2L) and 8-10 in order to: o Summarize the process through which a naïve CD4+ T cell differentiates into a Th1 cell by completing the sentence below.  When a naïve CD4+ T cell is exposed to the cytokine(s) __that induce their differentiation and dendritic cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue (IL-12 and IFN-gamma)__, the transcription factor __T-bet__ promotes differentiation of the naïve cell into a Th1 effector cell. The Th1 effector cell secretes the cytokine(s) __help macrophages respond to intracellular bacterial infections (IL-2 and IFN-gamma)__ when activated by a target cell. The major effect of the cytokine(s) is to ____determine which differentiation pathway a naïve T-cell takes and activate macrophages_____.o Identify innate cells that produce IL-12 and IFN-.-TH1 effector CD4 T-cellso Summarize the process through which a naïve CD4+ T cell differentiates into a Th2 cell by completing the sentence below.  When a naïve CD4+ T cell is exposed to the cytokine(s) ___IL-4__, the transcription factor ___GATA3___ promotes differentiation of the naïve cell into a Th2 effector cell. The Th2 effector cell secretes the cytokine(s) ___IL-4 and IL-5___ when activated by a target cell. The major effect of the cytokine(s) is to ___activate cellular and antibody response to parasites___.o Identify the antibody isotype and the types of cells that protect against parasitic infections.-Cytokines secreted by TFH cells guide the switching of immunoglobulin isotype in the B cells, so as to make the class of antibody most suited for clearing the particular infection.Thus a parasite infection will stimulate IgE production, whereas an extracellular bacterialinfection will stimulate opsonizing IgG.o Summarize the process through which a naïve CD4+ T cell differentiates into a Th17 cell by completing the sentence below.  When a naïve CD4+ T cell is exposed to the cytokine(s) __IL-6, TGF-beta, and IL-23__, the transcription factor ___RORgammaT___ promotes differentiation of the naïve cell into a Th17 effector cell. The Th17 effector cell secretes the cytokine(s) __IL-17&IL-22__when activated by a target cell. The major effect of the cytokine(s) is to ____enhance neutrophil response___.o Draw a simple box-and-arrow model to demonstrate how activation of Th17 cells leads to an increase in neutrophils in epithelial tissue. The flow chart should include (but is not limited to)Th17 cells, the cytokine they secrete, the effect on epithelial cells, and the protein that recruits neutrophils.CD4+ T-cell exposed to IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-beta  defined by transcription factor RORgammaT  differentiation into Th17 effector cell  Th17 secretes cytokines IL-17 and IL-22  IL-17 binds to IL-17 receptor on epithelial cells  neutrophil response is enhanced  secretion of CXCL8  epithelial tissue nurtured- Read section 8-13 and study Figures 8.18, 8.19, and 8.20 in order to:o Draw three different graphs with different y-axis labels to compare naïve and effector T cells demonstrating: a molecule that is the same concentration on naïve and effector T cells a molecule that increases concentration on effector T cells a molecule that is absent/present on either the naïve or effector T cells CD4 CD2 L-selectin naïve effector naïve effector naïve effectoro Validate the role of specific adhesion molecules by completing the following sentence: If a patient was treated with a VLA-4 antagonist, I would expect to find more T cells in the __naive__ and fewer T cells in the __effector__.o Use a graph to demonstrate the role of co-stimulatory molecules in activation of naïve T cells vs.effector T cells. Choose a y-axis label. Compare test tubes containing naïve T cells and mature dendritic cells vs. effector T cells and target cells. Demonstrate the expected difference when a CD28 antagonist is added to both groups of test tubes. CD4 naïve T cells naïve T cells effector T cells effector T cells &mature dendritic &mature dendritic &target cells &target cells w/ CD28 antagonist w/ CD28 antagonistLearning objective 3.5.2: Use labeled drawings to demonstrate the effector functions of CD8+ T cells.- Read section 8-14, Figure 8.21, section 8-16, and section 8-17 in order to:o Identify the contents of the CD8+ T cell lytic granules.-granzymes, perforin, serglycin, and granulysino Use a drawing to compare the role of perforin vs. granzymes in the CD8+ T cell mediated killing of a target cell (note: granulysin and serglycin have similar roles to perforin). Draw a target cell and add labeled shapes/molecules to demonstrate the different effects of perforin vs. granzymes. perforin granzymeso Identify a difference that could be measured to compare healthy cells vs. apoptotic cells.-pathogen replicationo One important cytokine secreted by cytotoxic T cells is IFNg. List three ways that IFNg contributes to the antiviral response.-Inhibits replication of viruses-Increases processing of viral antigens & their presentation by MHC class I molecules-Activates macrophages in the vicinity of the cytotoxic T-cells o These macrophages get rid of the dying infected cells, allowing the T cellsmore room for maneuver and also helping the damaged tissue to heal and