Copyright © 2019, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1Chapter 13: Cancer EpidemiologyMcCance/Huether: Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis of Disease in Adults and Children, 8th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In teaching a women’s community group, which risk factor does the healthcare professional teach is related to high morbidity of cancer of the colon, uterus, and kidney?a. Women older than 45 years of ageb. Women who have never had childrenc. Women who have a high body mass indexd. Woman who have smoked for more than 10 yearsANS: CA recent hypothesis states that the observed increased incidence of such cancers as breast, endometrium, colon, liver, kidney, and adenomas of the esophagus may be associated with obesity. No current research supports the remaining options.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding 2. Which substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking?a. Alcoholb. Steroidsc. Antihistaminesd. AntidepressantsANS: AAlcohol interacts with smoke, increasing the risk of malignant tumors, possibly by acting as a solvent for the carcinogenic chemicals in smoke products. No current research supports steroids, antihistamines, or antidepressants as having an increased effect on the incidence of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 3. Which cancers pose the highest risk for radiologists?a. Thyroidb. Breastc. Leukemiad. BrainANS: CIonizing radiation exposure places radiologists at risk for the development of leukemia, lymphoma, and skin cancers.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 4. Research has shown a link between cancer and which sexually transmitted disease?a. Syphilisb. Gonorrheac. Human papillomavirusd. Pelvic inflammatory diseaseANS: CHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the United States. High-risk, or oncogenic, HPVs can cause cancer. A persistence of infection with high-risk HPV is a prerequisite for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions and invasive cervical cancers. No research supports such a link between syphilis, gonorrhea, or pelvic inflammatory disease and cancer.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 5. Research has supported that alcohol consumption has a convincing impact on increasing the risk of which cancer?a. Lungb. Breastc. Pharynxd. PancreasANS: CResearch had shown that alcohol consumption has a convincing positive impact on the risk of developing pharynx cancer. No research supports such a connection with the remaining options.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 6. A healthcare professional advises patients to exercise because it has a probable impact on reducing which cancer?a. Liverb. Endometrialc. Stomachd. ColonANS: DThe expert panel report on exercise of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research found a convincing impact of exercise on risk of colon cancer.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: RememberingCopyright © 2019, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 7. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines grade 1 (overweight) as which BMI range?a. 18.5 to 24.9b. 25 to 29.9c. 30 to 39.9d. 40 to 50.9ANS: BA BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 is considered a grade 1 (overweight) classification. A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 is considered normal range, whereas 30 to 39.9 kg/m2 is a grade 2 overweight (obese) classification, and a BMI higher than 40 kg/m2 is considered grade 3 overweight (morbidly overweight).PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: RememberingMULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Tobacco smoking is associated with which cancers? (Select all that apply.)a. Lungb. Skinc. Bladderd. Kidneye. PancreasANS: A, C, D, EBesides lung cancer, tobacco increases the risk for cancers of the mouth, lips, nasal cavity and sinuses, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, uterus, cervix, colon and rectum, ovary, and acute leukemia. No current research links tobacco smoking to skin cancer.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 2. What are the significant risk factors associated with the development of skin cancers? (Select all that apply.)a. Light-colored hairb. Pale eyesc. Fair skind. Frecklese. History of acneANS: A, B, C, DRisk factors associated with a high risk of melanoma include light-colored hair, eyes, and skin; an inability to tan; and a tendency to freckle, sunburn, and develop nevi. No current research supports acne as a risk factor.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 3. Which environmental factors have been shown to have greatest significant effect on the frequency of genetic mutations in humans? (Select all that apply.)a. Tobacco useb. Radiation exposurec. Obesityd. Severe allergiese. Stressful occupationANS: A, B, CThe number of environmental factors can alter the frequency and consequences of genetic mutations. The most significant factors include smoking, radiation, obesity, and a few oncogenic viruses. Allergies and stress have not been strongly linked as risk factors for genetic mutations.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 4. Research data support the relationship between the exposure of ultraviolet light (UVL) and the development of what? (Select all that apply.)a. Basal cell carcinomab. Squamous cell carcinomac. Hodgkin lymphomad. Non-Hodgkin lymphomae. Soft tissue sarcomaANS: A, BExposure to UVL can cause basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. No current research supports a causative relationship between the remaining options and UVL exposure.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: RememberingCopyright © 2019, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 5. The healthcare professional teaches a community group that alcohol consumption has been proven to be a consistent risk factor in the development of which major cancers? (Select all that apply.)a. Colorectalb. Kidneyc. Breastd. Esophageale. PancreaticANS: A, C, DResearch supports a consistent link between alcohol consumption and an increased risk for breast, colorectal, and esophageal cancers; no such data have yet been determined for the remaining options.PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 6. Nutritional counseling regarding cancer stem cell repopulation must stress the importance of including sufficient quantities of what in a daily diet? (Select all that apply.)a. Vitamin Ab. Vitamin Dc. Proteind. Vitamin Ce. WaterANS: A, BCancer stem cells use several developmental mechanisms for the self-renewal, and these mechanisms appear to be
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