10. All of the following commonly characterize the development of civilization EXCEPT:a. large cities that dominate the countryside around them b. public building projectsc. increasing equality among all citizens d. written languagee. long distance trade11. Confucianism encourages its followers to(A) learn from foreigners better ways to excel(B) experiment with new food crops(C) believe that their rulers were not in any way divine(D) seek principles of science(E) follow ethical rules that promote harmony and order14.The continuing importance of written language in Chinese culture may be traced to itsearliest use for(A) issuing mandates from the emperor to subject warlords(B) divination; communication with the ancestors(C) trade with nomads to the west of the river valley settlements(D) astronomical calculations that determine the planting and harvest seasons(E) organizing the political bureaucracy15.The spread of Greek culture all over the eastern Mediterranean and the former PersianEmpire is known as(A) hellenization(B) classicazation(C) Athenization(D) Olympization(E) Delianism16. Shifting cultivation was generally practiced(A) around fertile river valleys(B) in rain forests and their peripheries(C) in mountainous areas(D) along dry coastal areas(E) in grassy plains17.The polis is most closely associated with which of the following societies/civilizations?(A) The Mauryan Empire(B) Athens(C) Han China(D) Babylonia(E) Persian Empire18.All of the following are accurate comparisons of Athens and Sparta EXCEPT:(A) Sparta demanded more subordination of its male citizens to the demands of thestate.(B) The Athenians emphasized the importance of poetry, art, and philosophy; theSpartans did not.(C) Spartan women did not have as many freedoms as did Athenian women.(D) The Spartans placed the military at the center of their society; Athens generallydid not.(E) Both Sparta and Athens dominated the countryside around them and were two ofthe largest city states.19. All of the following are important principles of Greek culture that had wide influence on later civilizations EXCEPT:(A) new religious concepts that redefined the nature of god(s)(B) an interest in political theory that sought the best forms of government(C) an emphasis on the importance of human effort and ability to shape futureevents(D) celebration of human achievement, including the ideal human form(E) a philosophical and scientific tradition that emphasized the use of logic20. The approximate date of the map is(A) 20,000 BCE(B) 10,000 BCE(C) 5,000 BCE(D) 3,500 BCE(E) 300 BCE21.Which of the following is the most probable reason for the migrations shown on themap?(A) Nutrients from the soil were being rapidly depleted.(B) Explorers were seeking gold and other riches,(C) Hunters were following their herds to better pasture.(D) Humans were escaping from powerful new breeds of carnivores.(E) Humans were seeking warmer climates.22.All of the following are accurate descriptions of trade along the Silk Road before 600C.E. EXCEPT:(A) The Chinese traded silk, pottery, and paper for horses, alfalfa, and a variety ofcrops.(B) The Silk Route linked China to the Mediterranean world via Central Asia, Persiaand Mesopotamia.(C) Silk Road trade did not significantly affect the lifestyles of Turkic nomads, thedominant pastoralist group in Central Asia.(D) The breeding of hybrid camels developed along with the burgeoning Silk Roadtrade.(E) Trade along the Silk Road network was stimulated by Roman demands forluxury goods such as silk.23.Which of the following technologies most directly contributed to increased overlandtravel starting around 300 B.C.E.?(A) stirrups(B) camel saddles(C) wheeled chariots(D) horse collars(E) iron plows24.Which of the following most helps to explain why the collapse of political institutionswas more devastating to the Roman civilization than to Han China or Gupta India?(A) Political institutions in Rome were weaker to begin with.(B) The barbarian attacks destroyed more physical property and vital public worksin Rome.(C) Roman emperors had more power than did Han or Gupta emperors, so theirdownfall eviscerated the Roman Empire.(D) Han China and Gupta India had strong religious/philosophical traditions toprovide continuity.(E) The Romans were economically more self-sufficient than the Han or Gupta, so they had no long-distance trade to cushion their fall25.Which sailing technology allowed the sailors on the Indian Ocean to travel longdistances by taking advantage of monsoon winds?(A) the square sail(B) the wooden rudder(C) the lateen sail(D) the caravel(E) lightweight masts26.Which of the following was one of the most valuable commodities added to establishedtrading systems by the trans-Saharan trade?(A) manufactured goods(B) copper(C) pottery(D) salt(E) spices27.Why did the majority of the Chinese population during the Han dynasty live in easternChina?(A) They wanted access to sea trade and its accompanying wealth.(B) The best farmland was concentrated along rivers in eastern China.(C) They were more isolated from invasion from nomad peoples there.(D) The best Buddhist centers were in eastern China.(E) The Tibetans held control in the west, and they did not welcome Chinesesettlement in their area.28.The people who transported goods across the Sahara and dominated trade across thedesert for centuries were the(A) Berbers(B) Bedouins(C) Malays(D) Ghanans(E) Bantu29.Which of the following characteristics contributed most directly to a tendency towardpolitical disunity in ancient India?(A) weak religious traditions(B) lack of foreign trade(C) weak social structure(D) lack of strong political leaders(E) diverse geographical features30.Buddhists believe that a state of grace or nirvana may be reached by(A) changing one's karma(B) following the moral duties of one's caste(C) being reincarnated as a Brahman(D) following the eightfold path(E) renouncing asceticism31.What central feature of Hinduism did Buddhism reject?(A) union with the universal spirit as a major goal(B) use of missionaries to spread the religion(C) the caste system(D) the importance of ethical decision making(E) reincarnation33 Which of the following is a significant difference between early Christianity and earlyJudaism?(A) Judaism was originally polytheistic, Christianity was not.(B) Christianity put more emphasis on missionary work, converting others to thereligion.(C) The Roman Empire sought to eradicate Christianity but not