Chapter 3Structure of a C ProgramCS 159 - C ProgrammingExpressions▪ Operator – syntactical token that requires an action to be taken (i.e. + - / * %)▪ Operand – object which receives an operator's action (i.e. a variable or a constant)Expression – a sequence of at least one operand, and zero or more operators that reduces to a single value.Program Standards: One space must be placed between all operators and operands (except for unary operators). For example:y = 5 * (x / z) – g++;Primary Expressions▪ Literal Constant5, 25.7, 'a', "string"▪ Identifier such as a variable or a functionx, itemPrice, size▪ Parenthetical Expression(3 * 5 + x / 2)Unary ExpressionsExpressionDescription+xValue of the operand is unchanged.-xValue of the operand isnegated.++xVariable is incremented by 1 before the rest of the statement is executed--xVariable is decremented by 1 before the rest of the statement is executedfunct()Value returned from a function call (with any passed parameters)sizeof xSize of the variable in bytes is given(type) xExpression is cast to the specified data type Operator OperandUnary ExpressionsExpressionDescriptionx++Variable is incremented by 1 after the rest of the statement is executedx--Variable is decremented by 1 after the rest of the statement is executedOperatorOperandPrefix/Postfix Expressions▪ Prefix/Postfix Increment/Decrement must use a variableas its operand▪ Prefix expressions take place before the entire statement is evaluated ++x (equivalent to x = x + 1)--x (equivalent to x = x – 1)▪ Postfix Expressions take place after the entire statement is evaluated x++ (equivalent to x = x + 1)x-- (equivalent to x = x – 1)Prefix/Postfix ExpressionsIf a variable is updated multiple times in the same expression the result may be unpredictable and should not be done.int x = 1;int y;y = 3 + x-- * 2;int x = 1;x = x-- + ++x;Side effect – in addition to the value returned by the expression, a variable is modified or another external interaction occurs.side effectPrefix/Postfix ExpressionsWhat is the difference between x++ and ++x?▪ There is no difference if it is on a line by itself▪ But there can be a difference if there is a side effectint x = 1;printf("%d ",x);printf("%d ",x++);printf("%d ",++x);printf("%d ",x);int x = 1;printf("%d ",x);printf("%d ",++x);printf("%d ",x++);printf("%d ",x);Binary ExpressionsOperator OperandOperandExpressionDescriptionx + yBoth operands are added togetherx – yRight operand is subtracted from the left operandx * yBoth operands are multiplied togetherx / yLeft operand is divided by the right operandx % yLeft operand is divided by the right operand and the remainder is given#include <stdio.h>int main(void){int num1 = 5;int num2 = 3;float num3 = 5.1;float num4 = 3.2;printf("Integral calculations\n");printf("%d + %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1 + num2);printf("%d - %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1 - num2);printf("%d * %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1 * num2);printf("%d / %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1 / num2);printf("%d %% %d = %d\n", num1, num2, num1 % num2);printf("Floating-point calculations\n");printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num3, num4, num3 + num4);printf("%f - %f = %f\n", num3, num4, num3 - num4);printf("%f * %f = %f\n", num3, num4, num3 * num4);printf("%f / %f = %f\n", num3, num4, num3 / num4);return 0;}Integral calculations5 + 3 = 85 - 3 = 25 * 3 = 155 / 3 = 15 % 3 = 2Floating-point calculations5.100000 + 3.200000 = 8.3000005.100000 - 3.200000 = 1.9000005.100000 * 3.200000 = 16.3200005.100000 / 3.200000 = 1.593750Operator PrecedenceLeft-to-RightRight-to-LeftAssociativity – expressions of the same precedence are done in the specified sequential order.3 + 2 – 1 + 38 % 4 * 2 / 3a = b = c = 0a += b *= 5These are usually considered bad programming practice.Operator PrecedencePrecedence – specifies the priority order in which various operators are executed in an expressions.8 % 3 + 2 / 38 % (3 + 2) / 3“In C expressions, you can assume that *, /, and % come before + and -. Put parentheses around everything else.”– Steve Oualline, C Elements of StyleOperator PrecedencePriorityOperatorDescriptionAssociativity16variableVariableleft-to-rightconstantLiteral constant()Parenthetical expressionfunct()Functional call++ --Postfix increment/decrement15++ --Prefix increment/decrementright-to-leftsizeofSize ofobject in bytes+ -Plus/minus14(type)Type castingright-to-left13* / %Multiplication/division/modulusleft-to-right12+ -Addition/subtractionleft-to-right2=Assignmentright-to-left*= /= %=Addition/subtraction assignment+= -=Multiplication/division/modulus assignmentStatementsStatement – the smallest standalone element of a programming language which expresses some action to be performed.StatementDescriptionExampleExpressionThe expression is evaluated but no result is stored. expression;NullNo statementis executed.;AssignmentThe expression is evaluated and the result is stored in the variable on the leftvariable = expression;CompoundBlockA group of statements and can be substituted in place of any single statement.{statement;statement;...}Statements▪ Statements are usually terminated by a semicolon• Do not use a semicolon after a compound block because that would add a null statement• Do not use a semicolon after a #define because that is a preprocessing statementwould be the same as{amount = 4;count = 3;};#define TAX_RATE .07;salestax = TAX_RATE * price;salestax = .07; * price;#define TAX_RATE .07;salestax = TAX_RATE * price;Assignment Statements▪ The left operand must always be a single variable▪ The variable memory location is updated only after the entire expression is evaluatedVariable Expression;Assignment Statementsint x;int y = 2;x = 3 * 4;y = -x + 20;x = x + 1; x = y + x;y = y % 3;x = y++;x + 1 = y;x y----- -----? ? 212 212 813 821 821 22 3errorCompound Assignment StatementsCompound StatementEquivalent Statementx += expressionx =x + expressionx -= expressionx = x – expressionx *= expressionx = x * expressionx /= expressionx = x / expressionx %= expressionx = x % expressionCompound StatementEquivalent Statementx += expressionx =x + (expression)x -= expressionx = x – (expression)x *= expressionx = x * (expression)x /= expressionx = x / (expression)x %= expressionx = x % (expression)Implicit Type Conversions1. Each item in an expression is automatically elevated to the rank of the higher ranking data type in the order it is encountered by the rules of