The goal of the total institution is to take away the individual;s self, and give him or her a new one more in keeping with he needs of the total institution, the goal is resocialization. Peter Rose: study of Marine Corps, their account of the process reminds us that resocialization is generally begun by subjecting the individual to what sociologist call “degardation ceremonies.” The goal of these is to degrade the individual, take away the individual’s self in preparation for giving him or her a new one. Part of the Marine Crops resocialization began with depersonalization, recruits were no longer treated as individuals but had to speak, look, and act like every other recruit. Chapter 11: Relativity of deviance: 1- norms vary across societies: what is considered to be deviant varies across societies. 2-norms change over time, even within particular culture: what is considered to be deviant at one time may be considered normative at another time. 3-norms within a particular society that different subgroups have different norms: what is considered deviant will vary from subgroup to subgroups within a particular society. Lombroso: work in Italian prisons, scientifically explaining deviance focused on biological factors: Criminals are evolutionary throwbacks. Nonsociological theories treats deviance as a result of personality factor. Aggressive personality: psychological theorists Chapter 12 Caste System: A closed system - stratified (layered groups) in which statuses are inherited (ascribed); NOT a class system; boundaries are impermeable; no intermarriage Brahmans, Kshatriyas, vaishyas, shudras, dalits: Hindu Castes - Brahmans = highest Hindu caste, religious leaders and philosophers - Kshatriyas = included warriors, royalty, and administrators- Vaishyas = included skilled workers, merchants, farmers - Shudras = included peasants, unskilled workers, servants - Dalits = "untouchables" Estate System: determined at birth - A ascribed class system - relatively impermeable - an example of an actual class system (unlike caste), with three groups - determined by god Estates: first, second, third -1st = Nobility/ Aristocracy (Money and Property) -2nd = Clergy (Holiness, Religious Power) -3rd = Peasants/ Villains (Farmers, husbandry) Stratification: - Breakdown of your social class (or social groups) and it's correlations - Cultural (generational, non successful) and structural (consequences of poverty) Legitimating rationale: - Explanations for why social arrangements are right and proper Class system:- A stratified system believed to be open and not based on hereditary factors; permeableMarx's conception of class - Economy is most important - Two classes = upper/ lower Bourgeoisie, proletariat: - Bourgeoisie's = Marx's term for upper class, the "shopkeepers" - Proletariat's = Marx's term for lower class Weber's conception of class: - Marx's concept of class is too narrow - Class wasn't based on where one stood in terms of production but where one stood in the market situation - Based on different types of power (authority, legitimate) Lifestyle: - distinct ways in which people consume goods and services, and customs associated with class Life chances: - the probabilities concerning the fate an individual can expect in life Status: - Weber's conception of how much honor a person receives from othersOccupational prestige: - the social honor awarded to people owing to the virtue of work they do Social mobility - Structural, Horizontal, Vertical - Structural = an open stratified system - Horizontal = refers to movement, ie. From one occupation to another - Vertical = movement in stratified system, ie. Lower to middle class Intergenerational, Intragenerational: - Intergenerational = changes in position based on different generations of family members - Intragenerational = or career mobility is referring to changes in position based on occupation Life chances The probabilities concerning the fate an individual can expect in life (wealth, income) Health influenced by parental social class Mortality rates and morbidity rates are negatively related to social class (As social class goes down death and sickness rates rise). Poverty has also shown to delay children's physical development. Education influenced by parental social class Parental income has an effect on whether children finish high school and attend and graduate from college. Students in poorer families did not attend preschool which setthem behind the other kids. This led teachers to believe that the students had educational problems. Working life influenced by parental social class Men who grew up in poor families tend to work fewer hours per year and tend to earn less per hour than men who grew up in middle class families. Crime and Justice influenced by parental social class Poor people are more likely to be victims. People from lower classes who break the law are more likely to be arrested, less likely to be released on bail, and more likely to be sent to prison than people of higher classes who break the law Reproduction of class structure Most people end up in a class position similar/close to their parents Cultural explanation of reproduction of the class structure People in different social classes have different patterns of values, beliefs, and behavioral norms, which they pass on to their children through the socialization process. Cultural explanation of reproduction of poverty The values, beliefs, and behavioral norms of lower classes are not very compatible with success in society. Culture of poverty Turns poverty into a vicious cycle. Once it comes into existence, it tends to perpetuate itself from generation to generation because of its affects on the children.Income Money received per year from wages and salary Wealth Total values of assets owned (house and bank account) social stratification Social stratification is the socioeconomic layering of society's members according to wealth, power, and prestige. Structure of reproduction of class system Focus on the limited access to opportunities that poor people have compared to the more affluent Structure of reproduction of Poverty Lack of opportunities to the poor is what causes them to be stuck in poverty Structure of opportunities More opportunities are given to higher social class, while the poor receive limited access to opportunities. Pygmalion effect greater the expectation placed upon people (teacher's expectations of students), the better the