Day 1 (January 22, 2019)Psychology - Scientific study of behavior and mental processesPhilosophical contributions Greeks ● Soc + Plato (4th + 5th century BCE) = knowledge is inborn, mind and body are separate,mind continues after death● Aristotle (4th century BCE) = knowledge comes from experience , remember (under certain circumstances you can remember better), laws of association ( learn to relate events if they are similar, dissimilar, or happen together in space + time) Inductive method - many accurate systematic behavioral observations are required prior to theory construction17th century french philosopher ● Rene Descartes - Spirits flow from the brain through the nerves then muscles which enables movement Motivation through 2 sources : internal + external world ● Jean Jacques Rousseau - nativist, birth (an infant is a noble savage) , society can corrupt this virtue (such as lectures + classes ) he believed we should just learn what wewanted to (own research)English Philosopher● Francis Bacon - Human understanding imposes patterns on random events and attributes more order than is present ● John locke - Agreed with aristotle about experience At birth an infant is a tabula rasa which means blank slate empiricist - all knowledge is gained through experience, parents and society must teach virtue German 19th century Philosopher● Wilhelm Wundt - considered father of psychology (1879 had the first lab)Atoms of the mind - reaction time from hearing a sound to pressing a buttonStructuralist approach - study the organization of the mind and establish psychology as independent of philosophy and demonstrating that human can be studied by experimental methods by Introspection (looking inward)Would show a complex object and ask what you see? (example with an apple : red sphere )Literal elements of the object so they can see how the brain structures things American 19th century Philosopher ● William James - functionalist (concerned with what the mind could do and not how it wasstructuredConscious processes like thinking and learning exist only to help with our survival Consciousness is like a flowing stream Austrian 19th / early 20th century ● Sigmund Freud - investigated unconsciousness mental processes. Said that people act in response to their unconscious motivesChildhood experience is the most important factor in personality developmentDefined abnormal behaviors, invented therapeutic techniques, discussed defense mechanisms American 20th century ● JB Watson - Only overt behaviors could be studied scientifically and not conscious or unconscious S-R . Envisioned stimuli that responded as followed Humanists - 20th century americans that formed a reaction against determinism and behaviorism ● Carl Rogers● Abraham MaslowThought that humans are basically good, have free will, can actualize their potential, anddetermine their own destiny Maslow provided a needs hierarchy . Take care the needs of the lower level before you can move up. Physiological needs - (hunger + thirst)Safety and belongingsEsteem + self actualization HOMEWORK - tell where you fit between physiological needs , safety and belongings, esteem and self actualization Day 2 ( January 24, 2019)Role of theory , relation to research methodTheory - an explanation of the influences on behavior that accounts for existing data that predicts new observations and guides further research In research we have a hypothesis (expected relationship between 2 or more variables) it is empirical which uses direct observation and measurement. Finally uses operational definitions (one that specifies exactly how the event or variable is measured)Methods● Case study: In depth analysis of a single person's behavior over an extended period of time● Survey: Many individuals in a representative sample are asked carefully selected questions ● Naturalistic Observation: Study of behavior as it occurs usually Both surveys and naturalistic observation often used a statistic called correlation coefficient. Thestrength and relation of relationship between variables Correlation Coefficient can only have a -1 and +1StrengthStrongestPerfect correlation: ( -1 and 1 ) means if the value of 1 variable is known then the value of the other variable can be determined exactly Weakest : ( 0 ) variables have no relation to each other (ex. Eye color to smartness)Our findings are likely to be replicated -1 & -.6 , .6 & 1DirectionPositive correlation - variables change in the same direction (ex. Older child gets then the more expanse the vocab gets)Negative correlation? - variables change in opposite directions (ex. As temp goes up the amount of clothes we wear go down) Experimental method - only method that can establish cause and effect relationships , which makes it the most powerful Requirements : hypothesis must be causal Variables : independent variable - manipulated by the experimenter, expected cause of the behavior . Dependent variable - variable expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulationGroups (experimental group) - group that receives the manipulated independent variable (control group) - group that participates on all aspects of the study but does not receive the manipulated independent variable (Subject selection) - each person has an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group (only good for huge samples) (Matched) - each group is similar on all variables important to the study (Single Blind) - subject doesnt know in which group they belong(Double blind) - subject nor experimenter know who is in the experimentalor control group (Placebo) - expectation of an effect causes the effect a behavioral changeStrength of studies results : reliability , replicable , probability level (likelihood the study results occurred by chance alone)Statistical Significance - p < .05 (reads fewer than 5 chances in 100, the results happened accidentally) p<.003 ( far stronger) Ethics : Confidentiality : all info gained is private, must agree if it will be made public Harm / injury : if either is possible the subject must be told prior to studyInformed consent : subject must know all features of the study that could influence willingness to participate (if minor than parent must sign) Subject freedom : subject may decline participation at any point in the research and must be told of this right Deception : should be used only rarely when there is no other way to establish an important fact (marshmallow kid