Final Exam Study GuideModules 38-44, plus 10-15 cumulative questionsCumulative (10-15 questions… the rest of the 35-40 questions will be from the other sections on this study guide)- Definition of psychology (KNOW THIS.)- Difference between correlation, experiment, case study, and naturalistic observation (and which of these can determine causation) (KNOW THESE.)What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation?- 4 lobes of the brain & main function of each. What is the hindbrain?- Describe the differences between the perspectives we talked about all semester (behavioral, evolutionary, humanistic, psychoanalytic, positive psychology, cognitive…)o For example, in 1-2 sentences, how would you describe each?o Another way to practice: Your cousin feels anxious about talking in front of people. What are some different ways that each perspective may explain this?How might each perspective explain your choice in college major? - Differences between nature vs. nurture- Match the theory to the psychologist:Theories: Social development, Cognitive developmentPsychologist: Piaget, Erikson- What is emerging adulthood? How is it different from childhood and adulthood?- The terms (and examples of) confirmation bias, belief perseverance, fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance, social loafing, in-group bias- What is the difference between sensation and perception?- How would you describe the field of ecopsychology to someone who is unfamiliar with it? Overall, how does exposure to nature impact people physically, psychologically, spiritually, and socially?Module 38 & 39: Personality - Define personality- What do we know about the Myers-Briggs? (How/when should it be used? What are some flaws?)- Which theory is the most comprehensive? - Which theory has been tested in 50 different countries?- Psychoanalytico Id, ego, superego (What are these? What are the differences between them?)o Psychosexual states (just know the gist—our pleasure centers change as we age, we may “fixate” at one stage which results in psychopathology) Electra Complex, Oedipus Complexo Defense mechanisms (What are they in general? What are some specific defense mechanisms? If you were angry about being fired from your job, what would it look like if you used different defense mechanisms?)o Psychoanalysiso What makes this theory revolutionary?o What do today’s psychoanalysts focus on?- Trait / Big 5o What are the 5 traits? Be able to recognize a description/example of someone who is high vs. low on eacho Which traits tend to change as we age? Do they increase or decrease?- Humanistico Self-actualizing tendencyo How does psychopathology come about?o What are the three essential components of a growth-promoting environment (/of therapy) that Carl Rogers identified? What is positive regard?- Social-Cognitiveo What are the three main components?o What is self-efficacy?- Personality testing… have a general idea of what each of these iso Rorschacho TATo MMPI Module 40: Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders; Intro to Psychopathology- What are the 4 (or 5) D’s? What do they mean?- What's the difference between the medical model and the bio-psycho-social perspective of psychological disorders?- Definitions of psychopathology, abnormal psychology, disorder- Who creates diagnoses/decides if they go in the DSM? How do they make that decision?- Disorders are conceptualized as categorical and/or dimensional—what does that mean?- How do we diagnose someone?- Why do we diagnose? - How are diagnoses helpful?- What are the drawbacks of diagnosing?- What was the Rosenhan (1973) study about? What were a few key findings?- What are some myths about mental illness? What are the consequences of people believing these myths?- What are the arguments for and against the idea that ADHD is overdiagnosed (page 532)?- About what percent of people in the U.S. have a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year? How does this rate compare to that of other countries?- What is comorbidity? What are some examples?- Be able to tell the difference between disorders. On the exam I may describe someone and ask you which disorder best fits.Module 41: Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD- One of your friends does not know the difference between the different anxiety disorders. Differentiate the disorders for them, describing the salient features of each one.- What are key features of OCD? Why is it NOT accurate to say “I’m so OCD” as an equivalent for “I’m a neat freak”? - What’s the difference between OCD and OCPD (a personality disorder)?- Why didn’t ongoing World War II air raids result in widespread phobias of bombs being dropped from the sky? (book)- What are symptoms of PTSD? Module 42: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder- What are some key differences between depression and grief? - What distinguishes bipolar disorder from other mood swings? - Someone asks you what causes depression. How would you answer (think biopsychosocial)?- What types of thoughts and attributions are common among people with serious depression? Is there a gender difference? Module 43: Schizophrenia and Other Disorders- What are the symptoms of schizophrenia? What is meant by “positive” and “negative” symptoms?- What are “word salad,” “flat affect,” and “catatonia?”- In a study by Luhrmann (2014), a few big differences were found between people exhibiting schizophrenia in the US vs. Ghana & India. Overall, what were those differences? - People often confuse DID and schizophrenia. How are they different? - Why is DID such a controversial diagnosis? Describe the evidence for and against the existence ofDID. - What is a personality disorder?- Describe the following disorders and their key symptoms: obsessive compulsive personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder- What is the difference between binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa?- What diagnosis has the highest death rate?- What diagnosis is focused on perfectionism, order, and control?- What are symptoms of Autism?Module 44: Introduction to Therapy and Psychological Therapies- What is therapy?- What are the common factors?- You are a psychologist treating someone with depression. First, if you practiced from a psychodynamic perspective, how would you treat your patient? How would you treat the same problem as
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