Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Irvine ENGR 54 Class Notes Principles of Materials Science and Engineering J.C. Earthman and E. J. Lavernia Notes #1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 1. Course Introduction (see the course objectives and mechanics and Handout #2 on the course web space) 2. Materials - solid substances of which something is composed or made. The world where we live is a "material" world. There are numerous materials that can be produced from our natural resources. In this course, we are mainly studying those materials that perform one or more functions. We are not covering textiles in this course (but there is textile engineering). Engineering materials: the term is sometimes used to refer particularly to materials used in products. 3. Materials and Civilization The Stone Age: approximately 2,000,000 to 6,000 years ago The Bronze Age: about 5000 to 4000 years ago The Iron Age: about 3500 years ago (there is evidence for earlier production of iron in Egypt) Industrial Revolution: 19th century brought about by the steam engine • '· Atomic Energy: uranium, plutonium, radiation damage Semiconductors and composites: 1900's Superconductors: now at relatively high temperature· • 4. Classification of Materials (see Handout #3 on the course web space) Metals: Usually high thermal and electrical conductivity and strong chemical reactivity materials - Ferrous: primarily consisting of iron e.g., steels, cast irons - Non-Ferrous: e.g., Al, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Co Nonmetals: e.g., P, S, I Ceramics: Compounds of metals and nonmetals, hard and brittle, e.g., glass and china, minerals Polymers: (most are petrochemical products) - Compounds consisting of long molecular chains or networks of low weight elements such as C, H, 0 and N. - - Low electrical conductivity e.g., Nylon, PVC Semiconductors: intermediate, between metals and non-metals, e.g., Si, Ge and As Composites: (most of them are made in form of ceramic+metal or ceramic+polymer) 5. Materials Science and Engineering Materials Science - a scientific discipline that is primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about the relationships between internal structure. properties and processing of materials. Materials Engineering - an engineering discipline which is primarily concerned with use of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials science to design, tailor or engineer the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.6. Relationship Between MSE and CEE, ChE, ECE and MAE * Intelligent use of materials * Relationship between design and materials development * Submicroscopic or molecular engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering: Building materials Roads and bridges Recycling Chemical Engineering: Materials Processing (particularly polymers) Corrosion Batteries Materials recovery Electrical and Computer Engineering: Circuits Solid state devices Microelectronic machines (MEMS) Packaging materials Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering: Automobiles Aircraft Ships Power plant equipment7. Applications and Needs of Modern Materials and MSE Energy and environment requirements (most related to transportation) Critical applications High tech Metals and Alloys Superalloys for high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance (e.g., Ni-Ni3Al) Surface treatment (e.g. shot peening) to improve fatigue life Powder metallurgy (P/M) Spray atomization and deposition Rapid solidification Nanocrystalline materials Engineering Polymers New synergistic plastic alloys Nylon: competitive with metals in some applications Ceramics High-T and Electronic Applications Carbides, Nitrides and Oxides Composites High specific stiffness (E/p), specific strength (σys/p) FRPs (e.g., fiberglass/ epoxy, graphite fiber/ epoxy, Kevlar 49/ epoxy, aramid/ epoxy etc.) MMCs (e.g., SiC/Mg, graphite/Al) Hybrids (e.g., graphite/aramid/epoxy, SiC/graphite/Al) e.g., C-17 transport uses about 15000 lb advanced composite materials (carbon-fiber, aramid-fiber, hybrid composites)Electronic Materials Microelectronics (devices) Single crystal silicon chips Large-scale integrated circuits Molecular Beam Epitaxy (Si, GaAs) Thin Films Other Classifications: Magnetic Materials Optical Materials Biomaterials Smart or Intelligent Materials Nanoscale Materials (e.g. Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanoparticles) Nanocrystalline Materials Compositionally Complex Alloys (High Entropy Alloys) Materials Produced by Additive Manufacturing “2-D” Materials (e.g.