Name: KIN 460 Practice questions Exam 2 SEE OTHER SIDE 1 A. Multiple Choice questions (circle; 1 point each) 1. Which of the following represents the most direct pathway for the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain? a. Photoreceptor ® bipolar cell ® ganglion cell® visual cortex b. Horizontal cell ® bipolar cell ® ganglion cell ® visual cortex c. Horizontal cell ® bipolar cell ® amacrine cell ® visual cortex d. Photoreceptor ® ganglion cell ® horizontal cell ® visual cortex e. Photoreceptor ® ganglion cell ® visual cortex 2. The best description of the function of the lens is: a. Regulate the amount of light entering the eye. b. Refraction of light onto the retina. c. Refraction and accommodation. d. Accommodation and regulation of light intensity. e. Provide nourishment for photoreceptors. 3. The iris a. Is responsible for the refraction of light onto the retina. b. Regulates the amount of light entering the eye. c. Applies tension to the lens. d. Contains the pigment epithelial cells that nourish photoreceptors. e. Covers the entire cornea, shielding it from harmful UV rays. 4. Glaucoma of the eye results in: a. Floaters in the vitreous humor b. Loss of cone photoreceptors c. Increased ocular pressure due to reduced drainage in the aqueous humor d. Loss of rod photoreceptors e. Increased ocular pressure due to reduced drainage in the vitreous humor 5. The somatic sensory cortex represents parts of the body a. According to the size of the body part b. According to the size of the receptive fields of the neurons in that part of the body c. According to the distance of the body part to the somatic sensory cortex d. According to the nerve conduction velocity of the neurons in that body part e. According the maximum force produced by the muscles in that part of the body B. Very short Answer/Fill in 1. The spot on the retina with the highest concentration of cones is called: 2. What retinal neurons are specialized in detecting differences in light intensity? 3. Color vision is made possible by what part of the eye? 4. The semicircular canals in the vestibular system detect: 5. Slowly adapting cutaneous receptors detect ……. while rapidly adapting receptors detect ……….. 6. What is proprioception? C. Open-ended questions 1. (a) Explain how visual acuity (a sharp image) is obtained in the eye. In your answer clearly identify the main components of the eye that are involved in visual acuity. (b) Describe the different functions of the rods and cones.Name: KIN 460 Practice questions Exam 2 SEE OTHER SIDE 2 (c) What is myopia? Produce a drawing showing how a myopic eye refracts light differently onto the retina compared to a normal eye. 2. (a) Identify the three types of eye movements used in visual attention to bring objects of interest onto the fovea. (b) What is a saccade? Provide the main features of a saccade by drawing a graph with a saccadic response that shows all its main features. (c) What is visual neglect? Explain why visual neglect only happens when there is damage to the left parietal lobe. (d) Explain why elite performers are better visually based on the concept of the quiet eye. 3. (a) Rank order (from fastest to slowest) the conduction velocity of the following sensory neurons: pain/temperature. Proprioceptors, and touch (mechano) receptors. Justify your ordering. (b) Which cutaneous receptor in the skin is most likely to help a person to read Braille? Explain your answer. (c) A person suffers from a left-sided hemisection in the spinal cord. What happens to pressure and temperature/pain perception from the body’s skin receptors below this hemisection? Explain your answer. 4. (a) Describe how in the otoliths of the vestibular system motion of the head is converted into neural signals; start with the motion stimulus and end with the activity of a vestibular neuron. (b) What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)? And what is the function of this VOR? (c) What is nystagmus? Explain on the basis of the normal and abnormal function of the two vestibular systems in each ear how a nystagmus patterns can emerge. 5. (a) Explain why the brainstem is such an important CNS structure. (b) What are the differences between anticipatory and compensatory (or reactive) postural control and what brainstem structures regulate these postural control systems? (c) Discuss the different types of compensatory postural control strategies. (d) What are the main roles of the cerebellum? Identify a major neuronal type of the cerebellum and discuss its function, incorporating the form of this neuron in you answer. (e) Identify two key components of the motor cortex and discuss their primary roles. 6. (a) Describe the morphological and neural factors involved in strength training and describe in what phases of training these contribute to the gains in strength. (b) What are the adaptations (changes) in reflex function at the level of the spinal cord as a result of strength training? (c) Describe the phenomenon of cross-transfer; provide the possible major neural mechanisms responsible for this